Cultural Anthropology Essay - 4365 Words

Cultural Anthropology Almost all cultures world wide have highly developed traditions of music and dance. According to Mari Womack, author of Being Human: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, music and dance carry much importance within a culture. As do other artistic forms, music and dance reflect cultural and social organization. Cultural values can be conveyed in the words of a song, and the performance of a song or a dance is dependent on the social context (Womack 226). Music and instruments are of great significance in many places world wide. For example, the BaMbuti foragers from Africas Ituri rain forest have an instrument which they call the molimo which looks like an extremely long pipe. The men of the BaMbuti†¦show more content†¦When done correctly, it looks like an advanced version of the wave. These are fine examples of Marching Band as the art of music and dance. Marching Band is, in most high schools, on the fringes of society. Those instrument-toting kids spend countless hours fine tuning their skills, only to receive little respect from the rest of the students. They are called band nerds. They are laughed at. And yet they persist. But why? Why not give into the mainstream high school culture and join football or cheer leading? Why spend countless hours playing and replaying their parts until their fingers are worn to the bone when they could be watching movies, going on dates, and eating pizza? These were my questions based on my limited knowledge of high school marching bands. So, I decided to use my budding role as anthropologist to find out. My first step was to select a marching band to study. Luckily, the local high school, Goshen High School, has an excellent marching band which has competed at the state level for the last decade. A friend of mine at Goshen College who was a member of the band helped me to contact a current member of the band who could assist me by being my informant. For my informant, I chose a student, Jordan, who is currently involved in the band as a section leader, but has been in several other roles as well. Jordan also has been involved in the Marching Band for all of his four years of highShow MoreRelatedThe Anthropology Of Cultural Anthropology1370 Words   |  6 Pagesbasics of cultural anthropology, which seeks to understand the purpose and place of the humans in this world. It will include anthropology as a social science, the concept of culture, and it would also introduction the human evolution and to archaeology, ethnographic field methods. The importance of human language, human development, patterns, global economy, marriage and the family, gender issues, global politics and local political organization, social stratification, medical anthropology, ethnicityRead MoreVisual Anthropology And Cultural Anthropology1554 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropologists have been able to study the differences in human cultures and how they have evolve. â€Å"There are now four major fields of anthropology: biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology† (Dennis O Neil). Within these fields are subfields, visual anthropology is a very important subfield of cultural anthropology. Visual anthropology is the study of the history of human customs and culture through what one sees or perceives in various types of media. ThereforeRead MoreAnthropology : Anthropology And Cultural Anthropology1472 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is anthropology? This is a question that can be answered in numerous ways, but we are going to define it as simple as possible. If we break the word down into its two components it means the study of human beings. â€Å"Anthrop o† means human beings or human kind and â€Å"logy† or â€Å"logia† is Greek for the study or knowledge of something. When we put it all together, it is the study of human beings which can be very broad. Anthropology can be broken down into four subfields: physical anthropology, archaeologyRead MoreCultural Anthropology : Physical Anthropology3800 Words   |  16 Pagesglossary Anthropology: It is a general comprehensive science of man in the past and present of any culture. This is divided into two main areas: physical anthropology, dealing with biological evolution and physiological adaptation of humans, and social or cultural anthropology that deals with people living in society, ie forms of evolution of language, culture and customs. Anthropology uses tools and knowledge produced by the natural sciences and the social sciences. Aspiration of anthropologicalRead MoreThe Cultural Anthropology : Margaret Mead890 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Anthropology was not something I ever thought I would be interested in. During this class I have learned many new things about other people and how they live. This is by far my favorite class this semester and I just love hearing about other people’s way of life. So, with my newfound love for cultural anthropology I decided to write about one of the most influential female anthropologists. I decided to write ab out Margaret Mead. I want to discuss her early life. Then, move on to her lifeRead MoreCultural Anthropology : Human Nature1241 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Anthropology Assignment 2 Julie Kopp (100121035) July 28, 2015 Cultural Anthropologists view all aspects of human nature in order to generate an accurate representation of society. It is imperative that anthropologists engage themselves in fieldwork in pursuance to increase understanding among people of the world. Anthropologists found that by becoming an active participant rather than an observer, they are more likely to be accepted as a member. By becoming an insider, it allows theRead MoreCultural Anthropology And Cultural Diversity1017 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects to culture, so much so that their is a whole field dedicated to researching and understanding it, it’s ultimately defined by its interpretations, differentiations, and adaptations. In Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity, a few chapters are dedicated to explaining the field of anthropology and culture within an anthropological context. The first definition of cultures presented is, â€Å"Cultures are traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefsRead MoreThe Discipline Of Cultural Anthropology3459 Words   |  14 Pages The discipline of cultural anthropology falls into the idea that culture everywhere is our lives impacts every aspect of our human lives. â€Å"Anthropology is the scientific study of human beings-that is, human creature viewed in the abstract: male, female, all colors and shapes, pre-historic, ancient, and modern. Many cultural anthropologists come to believe that the idea of our past and present societies, from the social and cultural structure of them, to the religion and language, as well as theRead MoreCultural Anthropology : Anthropology And Behavioral Patterns907 Words   |   4 PagesJordonnia Scarlett Professor Ellen Hamrick Cultural Anthropology March 5, 2015 As I sat down to write this paper I was a bit disoriented. The topic of anthropology/anthropologist seemed simple, yet boring. Subsequent researching the prompt questions, my friend called. Without allowing him to speak, I said, â€Å"writing a paper on anthropologists, can’t talk.† Before I could hang up, responded quickly saying â€Å"if I were an anthropologist I would be a linguistic anthropologist.† Immediately I realizedRead MoreCultural Anthropology Of Humans Living And Dead Anthropology938 Words   |  4 Pagesnot share the same ideals as them. This lack of communication is a major barrier in advancement of our world. Anthropology, in short, is the study of humans living and dead Anthropology is divided into five main categories: applied, linguistic, medical, biological, archaeological, and cultural. Each of these five divisions teaches a different aspect of human life. Cultural anthropology teaches acceptance. There are social norms that can be found in every culture, the difference from culture to culture

The Cycle Of Domestic Violence - 1264 Words

One may wonder why some individuals remain in the cycle of domestic violence even after instances of abuse. Should it not be easy for an individual to leave a partner who is inflicting pain and stress on him or her? Lenore Walker’s (1979) model for the cycle of domestic violence explores the phases of domestic violence, the different types of abuse, and how these various phases contribute to the continuation of the cycle. Domestic violence is often diagnosed by obvious signs of physical abuse; however there are other unnoticeable patterns that one may not be able to immediately observe with the naked eye. Furthermore, domestic violence affects not only those who directly experience the abuse, but also those who are witnessing it, such as children (Behind Closed Doors, n.d.; Black, Sussman, Unger, 2010). It is important to recognize the the less obvious markers of intimate partner violence in order to break these patterns and work towards ending the cycles of transgenerational violence. In the model for cycle of domestic violence developed by Lenore Walker (1979), there are three phases in the cycle of abuse: tension building phase, acute battering phase, and the â€Å"honeymoon† phase. The tension building phase typically involves verbal abuse and conflict over matters such as finance and family (Walker, 1979). This first phase eventually leads to the battering phase, where physical abuse begins. Part of the reason why individuals who experience domestic violence do notShow MoreRelatedPower, Control and the Cycle of Domestic Violence Essay1949 Words   |  8 PagesDomestic violence has been plaguing our society for years. There are many abusive relationships, and the only question to ask is: why? The main answer is control. The controlling characteristic that males attribute to their masculinity is the cause to these abusive relationships. When males don’t have control they feel their masculinity is threatened and they need to do somethi ng about it. This doesn’t occur in just their relationships, but rather every facet of life. Men are constantly in a struggleRead MoreIntroduction. Domestic Violence Is A Serious Issue Affecting1386 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Domestic Violence is a serious issue affecting women all over the world today. Domestic Violence transpires when a current intimate partner decides to exercise dominance in a relationship through means of psychological, physical and sexual abuse towards the victim. This type of abuse often leads to emotional and or physical trauma. Domestic Violence is not only physical or sexual other forms of domestic violence exist such as stalking and dating violence. It is a problem without limitsRead MoreSpeech on Domestic Violence - Urban Issue986 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech for Urban Issue – Domestic Violence Domestic Violence is violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or partner, usually its violence by men against women Domestic Violence or DV is about power and control over a spouse. The three main types of Domestic Violence are Physical, Emotional, and Economic (financial) The first kind of domestic violence that we will be talking about is physical violence. Physical violence involves a person using physical force which causes harm toRead MoreVulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence1288 Words   |  6 PagesPopulations: Victims of Violence’ ‘Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence’ Norita Prather BSHS/302-BSAE0ZSH3 University of Phoenix Instructor: Tami Frye September 26, 2011 Each domestic abuse relationship is unique, and has a pattern that holds certain signs, clues, and characteristics that could have helped decide if one were in an unhealthy or abusive relationship. There are significant indicators that are common to all virtual cases of domestic abuse, mainly becauseRead MoreDomestic Violence Informative924 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic Violence; It Should Not Be Overseen Subject Area: Domestic Violence Topic: Defining what is Domestic Violence General Purpose: To inform the audience about Domestic Violence. Specific Purpose: To let the audience be aware of what Domestic Violence is. Thesis Statement: Domestic Violence is something that should not be taken lightly. It is something that can happen to anyone in their lifetime. I want to go ahead and inform you about what is Domestic Violence. The categories of whatRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Our Society Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesconsequences. This is especially true of how domestic violence is currently governed by the criminal justice system and social norms. A lack of preventative care exists and this ignores the consequences of domestic violence in our society. Incidents of domestic violence are often treated as one-time or isolated occurrences; however, in many cases abusers and victims fall back into these learnt behaviors. Therefore, domestic violence is a never-ending cycle that cannot be stopped without cultural andRead MoreThe Breakable Vow835 Words   |  4 PagesNo country or society can claim to be free of domestic violence; it cuts across boundaries of culture, class, educatio n, income, ethnicity and age. Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive behavior in which one person attempts to control another through threats or actual use of physical violence, sexual assault, and verbal or psychological abuse. No one should become implicated in domestic violence relationships. There is a repeating cycle of violence in the relationship, the abuse involved is horrificRead MoreDomestic Violence ( Dv ) And How It Has Been Portrayed As A Male Gender Issue1286 Words   |  6 Pagesis about Domestic Violence (DV) and how it has been portrayed as a male gender issue through media, government, and leading organisations against DV; both internationally and within Australia. The researchers’ concerns are that DV organisations add fuel to the fire by using shock tactics and manipulated statistics, hoping to gain funding for their feminist causes. The article produces facts and figures from International and Australian surveys that support the fact that Domestic Vi olence is on theRead MoreThe Violence Of Domestic Violence954 Words   |  4 PagesCycle of Violence in Domestic Violence As stated by the Executive Office of Public Safety and Security, â€Å"domestic violence is defined as a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviors and tactics used by one person over another (by or to any household member) to gain power and control. This may include verbal abuse, financial abuse, emotional, sexual, and physical abuse.† (The Official Website of the Executive Office of Public Safety and Security.) Domestic abuse frequently becomes more often andRead MoreAll around the world domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including children and adults. â€Å"It is estimated that approximately 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year in the United States† (Feinstein). The most common victims of domestic violence are women, and children. Organizations that offers protection for victims includes: National Network to End Domestic Violence, Survivor Network, and National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Domestic violence

Corporate Accounting and Reporting and Regulations

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Accounting and Reporting and Regulations. Answer: Introduction The following part of the study aims to present the concept on impairment test based on the regulations of international accounting standards. The discussion incorporates the purpose of impairment test according to the principles and requirements of Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) 136 on impairment of assets. Besides, the discussion includes the impact of goodwill on impairment test along with the relevant steps required to be followed in applying impairment test. Purpose of impairment test In order to conduct business operations, organizations need to own several assets that are classified as per various sections for profit making as well as non- profit making companies. Assets are classified as current assets, fixed assets and intangible assets that are recognized in the statement of financial position during the accounting year. Current assets are the assets used by the companies for conducting day-to-day business operations and pay off the current obligations (Christensen and Nikolaev 2013). Besides, fixed assets are the assets used as business resources held for more than one year while intangible assets are long- term assets that are either self-generated or purchased. Accordingly, with due course of time, the real value of the fixed assets as well as certain intangible assets like goodwill, begins to decline. Such reduction of asset value is tested for impairment as for measuring the asset valuation worth recognizing in the statement of financial position (Gros a nd Koch 2015). Therefore, impairment is an accounting regulation that measures the reduction in the assets value for fixed assets and goodwill by comparing the actual value and carrying value. However, it is essential to consider the impairment test for measuring the reduction value as per the value in use, future cash benefits or expected recoverable amount. Impairment of assets depends on various internal and external resources along with the determination of recoverable amount and future cash benefits (Lange, Fornaro and Buttermilch 2014). Certain external sources that provide information to impair the assets involve decline in market value of assets, adverse effect on the company or increase in the market interest rates. In addition, internal source of information for availability of asset obsolescence asset along with the significant changes in the organization requires impairment test (Aasb.gov.au. 2017). Hence, the primary purpose of impairment test is to measure the reduction in actual valu e of long- term assets. Impact of goodwill on impairment test Impairment test is conducted on long- term fixed assets that includes goodwill as intangible asset for the financial year. Impairment on goodwill is a measure recognized by the companies when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds the fair value. The value of goodwill is recognized in the financial statements while acquiring assets and liabilities along with the payment of purchase price if the value exceeds identifiable value. Accordingly, impairment of goodwill arises if the ability of companys assets is lower than the book value in terms of generating cash flows or profitability (Chen, Krishnan and Sami 2014). Goodwill is an intangible asset acquired by the companies with respect to brand valuation or acquiring assets and liabilities in connection with merger or acquisitions. Accordingly, if the value of goodwill exists in the companys balance sheet then the management is required to assess the qualitative factors for the purpose of impairment test. Existence of goodwill affects the impairment test for identification of potential impairment factors in terms of cash flow benefits and value in use. Impairment test involves comparison of fair value and carrying amount, which is difficult to identify for goodwill since it is an intangible asset and varies as per the organizational values. For instance, if the fair value of reporting unit exceeds the carrying amount, then the goodwill cannot be impaired (Izzo, Luciani and Sartori 2013). Further, existence of goodwill affects the impairment test with respect to other fixed assets that considers market interest rates, market value as well as market rate of return implement the factors appropriately. Steps to be followed for application of impairment test For conducting impairment test, Longreach Ltd requires to follow several steps that are stated as under: Step 1: First step to be followed for application of impairment test is to identify the assets or cash- generating unit that should be impaired. It includes the identification and planning to measure the recoverable amount to measure the impairment loss. Step 2: Next step is to identify and analyze the internal sources for considering impairment of assets by evaluating the evidences on obsolescence or damage with respect to the long- term assets. Step 3: After analyzing the internal sources, external sources are required to be analyzed to assess the actual market value as well as the significant changes to evaluate the adverse effect (Knauer and Whrmann 2016). Step 4: On considering the required analysis on impairment test, recoverable amount is to be computed by deducting cost from the fair market value of the impaired assets. Step 5: Recoverable amount is then compared by the value of carrying amount to assess lower of actual value and recoverable value. Thereafter, the amount of impairment loss is allocated on goodwill first and the balance amount on other assets based on the percentage of actual values (Badia et al. 2017). Conclusion Impairment test is essential for the companies to determine the actual worth of the assets employed to run the business activities. The assets are recognized in the financial statements of the company to determine the financial position of the company during the financial year. Hence, it is important to determine the correct value after considering the impairment test as per the regulations of international accounting standards and AASB 136. The study covers the impact of goodwill on impairment test with respect to assessment of impairment factors and identification of potential impaired assets. Further, basic steps required to be followed for applying impairment test has been identified that the management of Longreach Ltd can consider during the financial year. The identified steps include identification of impaired assets, analysis of internal and external sources and determination of recoverable amount that requires to be compared to the carrying value to measure the impairment l oss. In the Books of Crossbow Ltd. Journal Entry as at 30 June 2015 Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Amount ($) ($) 30/06/2015 Impairment Loss A/c. Dr. 2,60,000.00 To Goodwill A/c. 40,000.00 To Land A/c. 26,829.27 To Inventory Products A/c. 24,146.34 To Brand "Crossbow Shoes" A/c. 21,463.41 To Shoe Factory A/c. 93,902.44 To Machinery A/c. 53,658.54 (Being the net identifiable assets liabilities and goodwill impaired based on the recoverable amount) Income Statement A/c. Dr. 2,60,000.00 To Impairment Loss A/c. 2,60,000.00 (Being the amount of impairment loss on machinery transferred to Income Statement ) Working Note: Calculation of Impairment Loss Particulars Amount Carrying Amount of Assets (A) $16,80,000 Recoverable Amount of Assets (B) $14,20,000 Fair Value of Assets ( C) $1,71,000 Real Value of Assets (D = Higher of B C) $14,20,000 Impairment Loss (A-D) $2,60,000 Less : Goodwill on Acquisition $40,000 Impairment Loss Less Goodwill $2,20,000 Allocation of Impairment Loss Particulars Amount Percentage Impairment allocation Land 2,00,000.00 12% 26,829.27 Inventory Products 1,80,000.00 11% 24,146.34 Brand "Crossbow Shoe" 1,60,000.00 10% 21,463.41 Shoe Factory 7,00,000.00 43% 93,902.44 Machinery for Manufacturing Shoes 4,00,000.00 24% 53,658.54 TOTAL 16,40,000.00 100% 2,20,000.00 Reference List Aasb.gov.au., 2017. Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Badia, M., Duro, M., Penalva, F. and Ryan, S., 2017. Conditionally conservative fair value measurements.Journal of Accounting and Economics,63(1), pp.75-98. Chen, L.H., Krishnan, J. and Sami, H., 2014. Goodwill impairment charges and analyst forecast properties.Accounting Horizons,29(1), pp.141-169. Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?.Review of Accounting Studies,18(3), pp.734-775. Gros, M. and Koch, S., 2015. Goodwill Impairment Test Disclosures Under IAS 36: Disclosure Quality and its Determinants in Europe. Izzo, M.F., Luciani, V. and Sartori, E., 2013. Impairment of Goodwill: Level of Compliance and Quality of Disclosure during the CrisisAn Analysis of Italian Listed Companies.International Business Research,6(11), p.94. Knauer, T. and Whrmann, A., 2016. Market reaction to goodwill impairments.European Accounting Review,25(3), pp.421-449. Lange, C.D., Fornaro, J.M. and Buttermilch, R.J., 2014. Qualitative assessment of impairment for goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles.The CPA Journal,84(6), p.22.

World War One an Example by

World War One World War One in Europe was a defeating accomplishment because of the overall death toll. This paper will focus on why there were so many deaths during this wars, both civilian and military, by bringing a discussion about weapons technology to the forefront of the paper and how modern technology clashed with old tactics. In order to have a grasp of the world wars in Europe, a short history of communication and rivalry in Europe will be discussed in order for a clear picture of why so many countries were involved in these world wars. A focus on the daily lives of countrymen, especially Germans and especially the women left to fend for themselves while the men fought in the war will be dissected since Germany was a country who suffered financially after each war and the cruel reality that the country itself made their own people suffer with hunger in order to win the war (because funds were being transferred to developing weapons and not to the people of the country). Need essay sample on "World War One" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab professionals: I attempted to work on that type essay by myself and it was a failure. Go To The Order Button And Prepare Yourself To Be Impressed Buy Essays Online College Papers Online Website To Write Papers Write My Essay For Me Cheap However, once the treaty was finalized, it met great resistance in the American Congress. There were many factors that divided the American Congress of the treaty. One of these factors was the seemingly light punishment that Wilson detailed against Germany. Partly because the United States had only been on the war for a short time, and partly because Wilson wanted to end the US involvement in European politics, he drafted the Fourteen Points against Germany. The next problem came from the congressmen who still opposed any US involvement in Europe. Since before the United States entered World War I, many Americans felt that US involvement was a waste of time and life. The Europe that emerged after the war was seen as much the same as it had been before the war began. Between these two main groups of opposition, there was not enough support, therefore, Wilsons treaty failed to be ratified by the United States congress. Wilson felt this was a great failure; it plagued him throughout the remainder of his presidency. Europes Wars and Revolutions: A Brief History Throughout Europe, the 17th and 18th centuries were a turbulent time. Among the many wars that were fought in this age, the War of Spanish Succession and the Seven Years War were particularly important. During the reign of The Sun King, Louis XIV, of France, the Kingdom of Spain fought to break away from the hegemonic rule of the Hapsburgs. Following the death of the last Hapsburg king of Spain, the new king, Phillip V slowly began to break away from French domination. Though he was a grandson of Frances King Louis XIV, Phillip V wanted a sovereign Spain, while Louis XIV desired a Spain that would serve France. The Holy Roman Empire saw the succession of Spain and the expansions of France as a threat. Therefore, Britain, the Danish kingdoms and the HRE joined into an alliance to stem this tide. Britains General, John Churchill, brought the greatest victories against France as he outmaneuvered Louis XIV, by securing the Netherlands, and the British foothold in Northern Europe. A few decades later, the next Great War, The Seven Years War, engulfed Europe again. The pressing of French interests in the North American regions was seen as a threat to other European nations. Prussia and Great Britain allied against France and fought for (actually) nine years. The resulting outcome saw a weakened France on the American continent, and in Europe, and a more powerful Prussia Europe, and a dominant Great Britain in North America. World War One This war entailed the Allied powers of Britain, France and America (triple entente) against the central powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (triple alliance) from August 1924- November 11, 1918. This war led to the eventual collapse of four major empires and a new power structure in Europe that would eventually be tested with the Second World War. The war tactic that was infamous during World War One was trench warfare, as Solar Navigator (1999) states. Advances in military technology meant that defensive firepower out-weighed offensive capabilities, making the war particularly murderous, as tactics had failed to keep up. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances; artillery, now vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground a nightmarish prospect. By 1915 both sides were using poison gas. Neither side ever won a battle with gas, but it made life even more miserable in the trenches and became one of the most feared, and longest remembered, horrors of the war. Between the trenches of opposing forces was what is commonly defined as no man's land which accounted for a great percentage of deaths in this war. Not only were troops mobilized in the sea, which is common practice for war, but for the first time in history, a battle commenced in the sky. The death rate of this war was tremendous due to numerous factors, as Solar Navigator, states, the Battle of St. Mihel in 1918. Here, within a matter of one day, American troops, supported by tanks, airplanes, and artillery, advanced over 20 miles, clearing a salient that had been a thorn in the side of the French army since 1914. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. In World War I, only some 5% of the casualties (directly caused by the war) were civilian - in World War II, this figure approached 50%. These devastating facts highlight the true gruesome reality of World War One and its dramatic increase in deaths. The end of World War one saw the demise of many empires and the eventual creation of different countries. These included the end of the Russian Empire but the birth of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which would become a world power. The destruction of the Ottoman Empire led to the Republic of Turkey and other middle east states. Central Europe saw the rise of Czechoslovakia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Yugoslavia while other states were reestablished such as Austria, Hungary and Poland. Not only did World War One create new states of power and conflicting issues between these state would eventually lead to World War Two. In 1923 for example Fascists came into power in Italy and as Solar Navigator states, in 1933, 14 years after the war, Nazism took over Germany. Problems unresolved or created by the war would be highly important factors in the outbreak, within 20 years, of World War II. Causes: Why so many countries involved As most wars began, the First World War was the nascent war after an assassination. This assassination took place on June 28, 1914 (unofficially the beginning of the war). Gavrilo Princip, who was part of the Black Hand Gang assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. The reason for the Archdukes visit was to take imperial rule over a province (Solar Navigator). It must also be stated that this was not the sole contributor to the war, but it was one factor of many. Other causes of the war were included in the treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Trianon. Austria, along with Berlin essentially acted first in its invasion of Serbia on July 29 that is one cause of the war. Also, Germany who on August 3, attacked Belgium, in accordance to the Schlieffen Plan (Solar Navigator). It was in these acts that the war began and it was in the above mentioned treaties that the Second World War may be found, as Solar Navigator states, Though drastically simplified, such an overview clearly portrays Germany and Austria-Hungary as the aggressors, and therefore, those bearing responsibility. Not surprisingly, this resulted in the humiliation of Germany, which included the demand that Germany pay all the war costs (including pensions) of the Allies. This directly affected the global economy and indirectly contributed to the Great Depression. Weapons The First World War was a race for advance weapons technology; essentially it was an arms race. For example, the HMS Dreadnought made obsolete all other previous war ships. This introduction of a weapon only incited other countries to build bigger and better warships to outrival Britains HMS Dreadnought. Between Britain and Germany there was an extreme arms race to discover and build a better war ship. One country was ever trying to out build the other. In view of this war ship other weapons were either introduced or being used with slight modifications during World War One which included the following: armored cars, grenades and mill bombs, Mark 1 (Mother; a tank), smokeless gunpowder, torpedo, and wireless communication (Spartacus). Why So Many Deaths In the face of technology is the reflection of deaths of not only soldiers but citizenry. World War One was a war fought with 19th century tactics and 29th century weaponry and technology which explains the high death rate of the war, in the trenches alone it is reported that one man died for every meter of land gained (Solar Navigator). Many of historys deadliest battles were fought in World War One, for example, Ypres, Vimy Ridge, Marne, Cmbrai, Somme, Verdun, and Gallipoli (Solar Navigator). There were so many deaths in the First World War because of artillery. Mass amounts of machine gun fire far outweighed the 19th century musket, and tanks as well as grenades and other bombs were used in exorbitant amounts, more so than any other war had been witness. Explosives alone amounted to a great majority of the death percentage reported at the end of the war. Also, During the war, the [Haber process] of nitrogen fixation was employed to provide the German forces with a continuing suppl y of powder for the ongoing conflict in the face of Brittish naval control over the trade routes for naturally occurring nitrates (Solar Navigator). Chemical warfare, such as the use of mustard gas, tear gas, etc. was highly used in the trenches and accounted for the disabling of soldiers and their eventual demise from artillery, or phosgene gas used to directly kill an opponent. Of these wars it is apparent that the death rate among civilians was greatest in World War Two, but the military advances in technology and trench warfares gruesome military death rate was overpowering. The advances in technology during World War One were more prominent because the military was still using tactics of a previous century while incorporating technology that was far more advanced than either side was prepared. While World War One saw the sights of tanks, machine guns, and gas, World War Two had more civilians die due to genocide, hunger, and homelessness. World War Two also saw the beginnings of germ warfare; although war in itself is barbaric, it is with civilian deaths, those who did not make a choice to go to war that this barbarism is truly portrayed. Work Cited Burleigh, Michael. The Third Reich: A New History. Hill and Wang, New York, 2000. Caplan, Jane & Thomas Childers. Reevaluating the Third Reich.Holmes and Meier, 1993. Cosner, Shaaron & Victoria Cosner. Women Under the Third Reich Greenwood Press, 1998. Mosse, George L. Two World Wars and the Myth of the War Experience. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 23, No. 1. pp.491-513. Oct. 1986. Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs.Trans. Richard and Clara Winston. The MacMillan Company, New York, 1970. Streib, Gordon F. Idealism and War Bonds: Comparative Study of the Two World Wars. The Public Opinion Quarterly. Vol. 12, No. 2. pp.272-279. 1948.

Hell And Heaven Essays - Religion, Mythology, Belief, Hell

Hell And Heaven Essays - Religion, Mythology, Belief, Hell Hell And Heaven Matthew Jay Krachunis May 2000 Hell The idea of heaven entices and encourages believers and non-believers alike. It is enjoyable to envision a place of eternal rest and relaxation, in the presence of God and loved ones. Heaven does exist according to the Bible, and is the destination of the believer in Jesus Christ at the completion of life on this earth. What is not encouraging is the fact that there is a place for those whom God chooses will not inherit everlasting life. This place is commonly referred to in the English language as hell. It is not metaphorical nor is it mythological, it is real in every sense of the word; a true literal hell. It is a time as Guthrie says in New Testament Theology, to inquire about the state of the lost, a subject which tends to be neglected or else glossed over.....the final state of those who are not in the book of life (Guthrie p. 887). This will be the focus of this discussion, the eternal state of those individuals whose name will not be found in the book of life. To fully understand the implications of the declaration of a place of eternal damnation, one must first understand what that place is. The common use of the word Hell is considered colloquial and comical to some. In the bible, the idea of the term hell is expressed in more ways than one. The terms Gehenna (Matthew 5:22), Hades (Matthew 11:23), and Lake of Fire (Revelation 20:15) are terms that have been interpreted to believe as hell. The term Gehenna occurs twelve times in the King James version of the bible. It occurs in all three of the synoptic gospels, but most notably in the book of Matthew in which it occurs seven times. Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible defines Gehenna as A name for the place (or state) of everlasting punishment:-hell (Strongs p. 19). Jesus Christ spoke of Gehenna and warned people of it. Jesus said in Matthew chapter five verse thirty, for it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to go to hell. It is as Guthrie says, There is no way of avoiding the conclusion that Jesus firmly accepted that there was a counterpart to heaven for those who were condemned before God (Guthrie p.888). It is clear that Guthrie believes that there is an eternal and literal hell. Therefore, because Jesus stated it, and Guthrie supported it, shows that it must have a certain importance about it. In Mark chapter nine verses forty-two through fifty, Jesus is talking about the importance of understanding of the implications of a sinful life and where it will lead. In the following passage, the usage of the word hell is interpreted as the Greek word Gehenna and Jesus says, If your hand causes you to sin, cut it off. It is better for you to enter life maimed than with two hands to go into hell, where the fire never goes out (Mark 9:43). It can be construed from this statement that Jesus is adamant about the reality of the conditions in hell. It can be assumed that Jesus is not advocating the actual removal of the hand, but is speaking about the horrifying reality of hell. He is admonishing those who are listening to understand that theoretically, not having one of your hands would be better than spending eternity in hell. As Stamps says in the notes of the Full Life Study Bible, the place of unquenchable fire is so terrible that every influence of sin must be opposed and rejected no matter what the cost (Stamps p. 1497). Clearly, hell is an eternal existence that would be far worse than a missing limb. Next, Stagg states in The Broadman Bible Commentary that Gehenna was a term that came to symbolize the place of judgment for the wicked (Stagg p. 109). Furthermore, Stagg declares that Gehenna is derived from Hinnom, a valley west of Jerusalem, where the garbage was burned from the city (Stagg p. 109). The aforementioned passages reinforce the idea that hell is not a rhetorical or spiritual existence but a

The Assassination of Malcolm X

The Assassination of Malcolm X After spending a year as a hunted man, Malcolm X was shot and killed during a meeting of the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, New York, on February 21, 1965. The assailants, at least three in number, were members of the black Muslim group the Nation of Islam, the group with which Malcolm X had been a prominent minister for ten years before he split with them in March 1964. Exactly who shot Malcolm X has been hotly debated over the decades. One man, Talmage Hayer, was arrested at the scene and was definitely a shooter. Two other men were arrested and sentenced but were most likely wrongly accused. The confusion over the identity of the shooters compounds the question of why Malcolm X was assassinated and has led to a wide range of conspiracy theories. Becoming Malcolm X Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in 1925. After his father was brutally murdered, his home life unraveled and he was soon selling drugs and involved in petty crimes. In 1946, 20-year-old Malcolm X was arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison. It was in prison that Malcolm X learned about the Nation of Islam (NOI) and began writing daily letters to the NOI’s leader, Elijah Muhammad, known as the â€Å"Messenger of Allah.† Malcolm X, the name he acquired from the NOI, was released from prison in 1952. He quickly rose up the ranks of the NOI, becoming the minister of the large Temple Number Seven in Harlem. For ten years, Malcolm X remained a prominent, outspoken member of the NOI, creating controversy across the nation with his rhetoric. However, the close ties between Malcolm X and Muhammad began to whither in 1963. Breaking With the NOI Tensions quickly escalated between Malcolm X and Muhammad, with the final rift occurring on December 4, 1963. The entire nation was mourning the recent death of President John F. Kennedy when Malcolm X publicly made the uncouth remark that JFK’s death was as â€Å"chickens coming home to roost.† In response, Muhammad ordered Malcolm X to be suspended from the NOI for 90 days. After the end of the suspension, on March 8, 1964, Malcolm X formally left the NOI. Malcolm X had become disillusioned with the NOI and so after he left, he created his own black Muslim group, the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Muhammad and the rest of the NOI brothers were not pleased that Malcolm X had created what they viewed as a competing organization- an organization that could potentially pull a large group of members away from the NOI. Malcolm X also had been a trusted member of the inner circle of the NOI and knew many secrets that could potentially destroy the NOI if revealed to the public. All of this made Malcolm X a dangerous man. To discredit Malcolm X, Muhammad and the NOI began a smear campaign against Malcolm X, calling him the â€Å"chief hypocrite.† To defend himself, Malcolm X revealed information about Muhammad’s infidelities with six of his secretaries, with whom he had illegitimate children. Malcolm X had hoped this revelation would make the NOI back off; instead, it just made him seem even more dangerous. A Hunted Man Articles in the NOI’s newspaper, Muhammad Speaks, became increasingly vicious. In December 1964, one article got very close to calling for Malcolm X’s assassination, Only those who wish to be led to hell, or to their doom, will follow Malcolm. The die is set, and Malcolm shall not escape, especially after such evil, foolish talk about his benefactor [Elijah Muhammad] in trying to rob him of the divine glory which Allah has bestowed upon him. Such a man as Malcolm is worthy of death, and would have met with death if it had not been for Muhammad’s confidence in Allah for victory over the enemies. Many members of the NOI believed the message was clear: Malcolm X had to be killed. During the year after Malcolm X had left the NOI, there had been several assassination attempts on his life, in New York, Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles. On February 14, 1965, just a week before his assassination, unknown assailants firebombed Malcolm X’s house while he and his family were asleep inside. Luckily, all were able to escape unharmed. These attacks made it obvious- Malcolm X was a hunted man. It was wearing him down. As he told Alex Haley just days before his assassination, â€Å"Haley, my nerves are shot, my brain’s tired.† The Assassination On the morning of Sunday, February 21, 1965, Malcolm X woke up in his 12th-floor hotel room at the Hilton Hotel in New York. Around 1 p.m., he checked out of the hotel and headed for the Audubon Ballroom, where he was to speak at a meeting of his OAAU. He parked his blue Oldsmobile nearly 20 blocks away, which seems surprising for someone who was being hunted. When he arrived at the Audubon Ballroom, he headed backstage. He was stressed and it was beginning to show. He lashed out at several people, shouting angrily. This was very out of character for him. When the OAAU meeting was to start, Benjamin Goodman went out on stage to speak first. He was to speak for about a half an hour, warming up the crowd of about 400 before Malcolm X was to speak. Then it was Malcolm X’s turn. He stepped up to the stage and stood behind a wooden podium. After he gave the traditional Muslim welcome, â€Å"As-salaam alaikum,† and got the response, a ruckus began in the middle of the crowd. A man had stood up, shouting that a man next to him had tried to pick-pocket him. Malcolm X’s bodyguards left the stage area to go deal with the situation. This left Malcolm unprotected on the stage. Malcolm X sidestepped away from the podium, saying â€Å"Let’s be cool, brothers.† It was then that a man stood up near the front of the crowd, pulled out a sawed-off shotgun from beneath his trench-coat and shot at Malcolm X. The blast from the shotgun made Malcolm X fall backward, over some chairs. The man with the shotgun fired again. Then, two other men rushed the stage, firing a Luger and a .45 automatic pistol at Malcolm X, hitting mostly his legs. The noise from the shots, the violence that had just been committed, and a smoke bomb that had been set off in the back, all added to the chaos. En masse, the audience tried to escape. The assassins used this confusion to their advantage as they blended into the crowd- all but one escaped. The one who did not escape was Talmage â€Å"Tommy† Hayer (sometimes called Hagan). Hayer had been shot in the leg by one of Malcolm X’s bodyguards as he was trying to escape. Once outside, the crowd realized that Hayer was one of the men who had just murdered Malcolm X and the mob started to attack Hayer. Luckily, a policeman happened to be walking by, saved Hayer, and managed to get him into the back of a police car. During the pandemonium, several of Malcolm X’s friends rushed to the stage to try to help him. Despite their efforts, Malcolm X was too far gone. Malcolm X’s wife, Betty Shabazz, had been in the room with their four daughters that day. She ran up to her husband, shouting, â€Å"They are killing my husband!† Malcolm X was put on a stretcher and carried across the street to the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. Doctors tried to revive Malcolm X by opening up his chest and massaging his heart, but their attempt was unsuccessful. The Funeral Malcolm X’s body was cleaned, made presentable, and dressed in a suit so that the public could view his remains at the Unity Funeral Home in Harlem. From Monday through Friday (February 22 to 26), long lines of people waited to get a last glimpse of the fallen leader. Despite the numerous bomb threats that frequently closed down the viewing, approximately 30,000 people made it through. When the viewing was over, Malcolm X’s clothes were changed into the traditional, Islamic, white shroud. The funeral was held on Saturday, February 27 at the Faith Temple Church of God, where Malcolm X’s friend, actor Ossie Davis, gave the eulogy. Then Malcolm X’s body was taken to the Ferncliff Cemetery, where he was buried under his Islamic name, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. The Trial The public wanted Malcolm X’s assassins caught and the police delivered. Tommy Hayer was obviously the first one arrested and there was strong evidence against him. He had been taken into custody at the scene, a .45 cartridge was found in his pocket, and his fingerprint was found on the smoke bomb. The police found two other suspects by arresting men who had been connected to another shooting of an NOI ex-member. The problem was that there was no physical evidence tying these two men, Thomas 15X Johnson and Norman 3X Butler, to the assassination. The police had only eye-witnesses that vaguely remembered them being there. Despite the weak evidence against Johnson and Butler, the trial of all three defendants began on January 25, 1966. With the evidence mounting against him, Hayer took the stand on February 28 and stated that Johnson and Butler were innocent. This revelation shocked everyone in the courtroom and it was unclear at the time whether the two really were innocent or whether Hayer was just trying to get his co-conspirators off the hook. With Hayer unwilling to reveal the names of the real assassins, the jury ultimately believed the latter theory. All three men were found guilty of first-degree murder on March 10, ​1966, and were sentenced to life in prison. Who Really Killed Malcolm X? The trial did little to elucidate what really happened in the Audubon Ballroom that day. Nor did it reveal who was behind the assassination. As in many other such cases, this void of information led to widespread speculation and conspiracy theories. These theories placed the blame for Malcolm X’s assassination on a wide number of people and groups, including the CIA, FBI, and drug cartels. The more likely truth comes from Hayer himself. After the death of Elijah Muhammad in 1975, Hayer felt overwhelmed with the burden of having contributed to the imprisonment of two innocent men and now felt less obligated to protect the changing NOI. In 1977, after 12 years in jail, Hayer handwrote a three-page affidavit, describing his version of really happened that fateful day in 1965. In the affidavit, Hayer again insisted that Johnson and Butler were innocent. Instead, it was Hayer and four other men who had planned and committed the murder of Malcolm X. He also explained why he killed Malcolm X: I thought it was very bad for anyone to go against the teachings of the Hon. Elijah, then known as the last Messenger of God. I was told that Muslims should more or less be willing to fight against hypocrites and I agreed w/ that. There was no money payed [sic] to me for my part in this. I thought I was fighting for truth and right. A few months later, on February 28, 1978, Hayer wrote another affidavit, this one longer and more detailed and included the names of those really involved. In this affidavit, Hayer described how he was recruited by two Newark NOI members, Ben and Leon. Then later Willie and Wilber joined the crew. It was Hayer who had the .45 pistol and Leon who used the Luger. Willie sat a row or two behind them with the sawed-off shotgun. And it was Wilbur who started the commotion and set off the smoke bomb. Despite Hayer’s detailed confession, the case was not reopened and the three convicted men- Hayer, Johnson, and Butler- served out their sentences, Butler was the first to be paroled in June 1985, after having served 20 years in prison. Johnson was released shortly thereafter. Hayer, on the other hand, was not paroled until 2010, after spending 45 years in prison. Source Friedly, Michael. Malcolm X: The Assassination. Carrol Graf Publishers, New York, NY, 1992, pages 10, 17, 18, 19, 22, 85, 152.

U.S. Airline Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

U.S. Airline Industry Analysis - Essay Example The US airlines industry again returned to profitability track by 1995 and continued this growth until the close of the 20th century. However, the 2001 terror attack together with a depressed world economy further worsened the growth status of the US airlines industry. This paper will critically analyse the US airlines industry using international business theories and other strategic frameworks. A critical analysis During the beginning stages of the US airline industry, three airlines namely United Airlines, American Airlines, and TWA were in charge of transcontinental routes. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) was established with intent to manage the structure of the industry (Dempsey, 1979-80). The CAB set flight fares on the ground of cost plus a fixed margin and hence aircraft operators could pass cost increases to customers. In 1970, rampant increase in fuel costs and political shifts towards economic liberalization created the impetus for a total reform of the airlines industry. The development of contestable market theory also contributed to this strategic shift. According to this theory, â€Å"industries did not need to be competitive structured in order to result in competitive outcomes† (Grant, 2002). ... Hence, this strategic shift might assist them to operate more number of aircrafts using the same amount of resources. As regulators argued, the deregulation resulted in new entries and price competition. In the words of Grant (2003, p. 31), although the deregulation strategy was potential enough to improve the declining industry growth, some unexpected contingencies like oil shock of 1979 and the air traffic controllers’ strike of 1981 caused severe difficulties to the US aviation industry. In order to overcome these troubles, aircraft operators across the US widely adopted mergers and acquisitions approach as they believed that combined operations would trim down operating costs. As Heimlich (2011) argues, M&A approach significantly assisted the US airline industry to overcome several cultural barriers. The ‘hub and spoke’ system introduced in 1980 greatly benefited the US airlines industry to increase its operational efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, establi sh dominance in specific regional markets, and to place barriers to new entrants. The development of this new system can be linked to the strategic management theory, which argues that a â€Å"change creates novel combinations of circumstances requiring unstructured non-repetitive responses† (Kahn, 2010). Introduction of low cost carriers became a potential threat to the industry by the beginning of 1990s and hence the country’s major airlines extremely struggled to confront with such budget airlines. As discussed earlier, the deregulation Act directly led to the evolution of a competition era and the major aircraft operators offered almost similar facilities to their customers. As a result, travellers could not easily distinguish between the offerings of