Islamic Commodity Market Essay

1.0. Presentation The tasks in the general business condition are extremely powerful essentially. There is no uncertainty that the monetary markets just as the ware markets need to structure their business activities, to meet the changing business condition requests just as the desires (United States. Congress. Senate. 2004). The primary test for the principle advertise players is to reliably be at pace with the business condition advancements, in order to have set up viable just as opportune foundations of activity measures and guidelines. Various universal activities have concentrated on the condition of tasks of the product advertise in the Islamic market. This has been done as such as to set up measures just as benchmarks, which are set to fortify the world ware showcase. The exploration study plans to add to the requirement for building up a controller item advertise, particularly in the Saudi Arabia money related market (The Economist 2006). The Islamic product advertise is one of the significant angles on the planet ware showcase, which has accomplished enormous development in the ongoing past. This is to the degree of being a considerable part inside the worldwide ware showcase, and has along these lines increased a great deal of enthusiasm as the urgent segment of the world monetary market (Europa Publications Staff, 2002). The expanding requests just as mindfulness for building up speculation portfolios to be in accordance with the shariah standards at the worldwide market, have gone about as triggers towards setting up the Islamic ware advertise as the world’s most appealing industry. This is a marker of the development of the riches base just as the capability of the financial specialists, who could either be Muslim or non Muslim, to discover ways and put resources into products which live up to their necessities and desires (El-Gamal, 2006). Exploration questions The examination inquiries to be replied in this exploration study give a premise, for setting up the significance of building up a type of controller ware showcase in the budgetary market of Saudi Arabia. The angle which is being centered around in this exploration study is the reasons regarding why a controller type of item market ought to be built up, particularly in Saudi Arabia. The examination addresses will along these lines go about as a manual for exercises of the exploration study (Henry and Wilson, 2004). Center examination question The principle point of the exploration study is to evaluate the requirement for setting up a controller type of product advertise in the place where there is Saudi Arabia, and the impacts on the business exchanges which occur in the Islamic market (Henry and Wilson, 2004). The other exploration addresses that should be canvassed in this examination study include: 1. What are a portion of the elements which impact the conduction of business exchanges in the Islamic market? 2. What are the reasonable impacts of building up a controller type of ware showcase in the .place that is known for Saudi Arabia? 3. Who are the significant players in the Islamic market and what job do they play in the business exchanges? 4. How much are the significant players prone to impact the activities of the Islamic item advertise? 5. What potential impacts does guideline of the Islamic product advertise have on the Islamic fund and the general business exchanges? Examination goals The fundamental goal of this exploration study is to set up, the significance of setting up a controller in the Islamic ware showcase particularly in the recommended area Saudi Arabia. The significance of the controller is evaluated as far as the impacts to the Islamic budgetary market, just as the general business exchanges. The exploration study is expected at giving a sound bases whereupon indisputable examination discoveries can be made, regarding the requirement for directing the items advertise. Both the auxiliary and essential information will be broke down to survey the current condition of activities of the Islamic items showcase, and the requirement for a controller. Along these lines, information will feature the significance of setting up the ebb and flow condition of tasks in the Islamic product advertise, lastly, for the examination study to meet its proposed research destinations (Taylor and Francis Group and Dean, 2004). 2.0 Literature audit Islamic item advertise The foundation of an unmistakable Islamic product advertise, whereby various ventures just as financing exercises are set up in agreement to the necessities of the Shariah standards, can be depicted as the result of the proceeded with development of the Islamic monetary segment. There have been requests to address the issues of liquidity of the Islamic banks like Altauaruq and Almurabha among others, just as the takaful administrators in the different Islamic nations. There have likewise been endeavors to build up an administrative structure for the Islamic product market, and clarify the Shariah standards on the wares which ought to are permitted to be engaged with the business exchanges at the ware showcase (Davis and Azizian, 2006). When all is said in done, the Shariah rules that oversee the conduction of business exchanges at the products advertise states that the non legitimate exchanges are those exercises, which includes the utilization of intrigue and the wares that have a specific degree of vulnerabilities connected to them. Betting is restricted just as food and beverages among numerous other corrupt exercises (International Monetary Fund, 2006). Administrative system In the items advertise, a compelling legitimate and administrative just as an administrative system builds up the basic ground for the activities of a cutting edge ware showcase. For the dynamic market like the Islamic product showcase, it is urgent that a helpful type of administrative structure be set up. This is to properly control the exercises of the Islamic item advertise. Various members are permitted to address, any of the impacts which influence the successful business activities of the market, just as the advancements or even obstruct the interest in the Islamic wares showcase (Henry and Wilson, 2004). Considering the levels and number of business exercises being done at this market, an examination is being made to decide the requirement for having a controller set up inside this traditional market. The principal speculation which can be set up in this examination study is whether, the foundation of the Islamic product market will make any positive effect on the degrees of Islamic money, as the other administrative structures have figured out how to impact the other Islamic account markets (Fadzli, 2003). To that degree, the subsequent speculation is to survey the degree to which, the controller of the Islamic item market won't make any upgrades. Taking into account that the activities at the Islamic products advertise include both legitimate and non lawful business exchanges, the third speculation is made according to whether the foundation of the controller will chop down the degrees of event of the illicit business exchanges. The fourth speculation in that regard is that, the fo undation of the controller won't chop down the degree of the unlawful business exchanges at the Islamic ware advertise. By advocating the previously mentioned theories, the exploration study will have set up the significance of having a controller in the Islamic product advertise, and for this situation the proposed controller is Saudi Arabia (Al-Rifai, 2003). 3.0 Research structure and technique To set up the requirement for having a controller Islamic ware showcase, particularly in the place that is known for Saudi Arabia, the examination test for this exploration study will be directed with surveys. The focused on respondents are the to the top administration officials of the significant ware markets and monetary organizations in the Islamic ware showcase. The example populace will be 50 organizations in the Islamic product showcase. The example populace has been picked in order to evade the plausibility issues, related with the exploration considers. Subjective just as quantitative information will be gathered. Quantitative information will be gathered from the essential sources, which will be examined by the utilization of factual procedures, ordered and introduced utilizing instruments like diagrams and graphs among different strategies. Subjective information will be gathered by the utilization of open finished inquiries in the polls, which will be abstract in nature a s they will speak to the genuine beliefs of the focused on respondents. The subjective information will bolster the quantitative information, in territories where the quantitative information will have deviations from the variables viable (Al-Rifai, 2003). The review surveys will be controlled, considering the way that they are simple and easy to use with respect to the scientist and the respondents. The exploration destinations and questions will all be included in the data in the examination surveys. The subjective methodology will include the responding to of inquiries which identify with the idea of activities of the product showcase markets, with the aim of building up the requirement for having a controller in the item advertise. Along these lines the study has the capability of featuring the activities of the item advertise, and the components included which requests for administrative apportions to be conveyed (Henry and Wilson, 2004). Assets So as to meet the distinguished exploration questions and destinations, the specialist will utilize the pertinent writing assets. These sources will incorporate books, Journals and the other applicable distributions in the regions of Islamic ware market and guidelines. The information just as the examination data which will be incorporated and surveyed for legitimacy of the exploration discoveries, will incorporate assets from online libraries like EBSCO, Amazon, Blackwell distributions, the emerald diaries and different sources like Questia (Henry a

Free Essays - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Free Essay - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  In writing, writers have made characters that have attributes that adds to their endurance in the public eye. The characteristics of shredders, flexibility, and fundamental human thoughtfulness empowers the character Huckleberry Finn, in Mark Twain's tale The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn to endure in his environment.â The reason for this paper is to delineate the significance of these attributes or characteristics to his endurance.   â â â â Huckleberry Finn can stand up to complex circumstances since he is quick. Nothing is more normal or more fundamental than his capacity to lie.â In specific circumstances I will talk about how he should lie in light of the fact that the conditions constrained him to double dealing and lies and avoidances are the main weapons he needs to shield himself from the individuals who are truly more grounded than he. The imagination, sound judgment, and comprehension of individuals of various classes give him the edge he needs to make due in a fairly cruel society.   â â â â Living with Ms. Watson and Widow Douglas, Huck has balanced his life to that of an edified society. Huck represents his keen reasoning at the point when he see signs that demonstrates his dad is back. Fearing his father, he gives the entirety of his cash to Judge Thatcher to abstain from being aggrieved by his dad. Securing himself was his main need; he realized that if his dad received the cash he would become inebriated and consequently would mishandle him. His dad inebriation become a danger to his life later on in the story and by preventing him from getting the cash, he halted his father from being an abuser by then and time.   â â â â Pap, Huck's dad comes back to town to get guardianship of his child since he here of Huck's fortune, at long last depending on the abducting. Huck is secured in the lodge when Pap isn't anywhere near; when he was bolted up for three days. Now and time Huck was being ignored and misuse; his dad had no clue what his harsh conduct was doing to Huck until he get away. Pap turned out to be so abusive(not acknowledging it in light of he is consistently tanked), that he nearly executes his child in the lodge, thinking he was the heavenly attendant of death. This occurrence powers Huck to understand that his dad is an Free Essays - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays Free Essay - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  In writing, writers have made characters that have qualities that adds to their endurance in the public eye. The characteristics of shredders, flexibility, and essential human consideration empowers the character Huckleberry Finn, in Mark Twain's tale The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn to endure in his environment.â The reason for this paper is to portray the significance of these attributes or characteristics to his endurance.   â â â â Huckleberry Finn can stand up to complex circumstances since he is adroit. Nothing is more regular or more important than his capacity to lie.â In specific circumstances I will examine how he should lie in light of the fact that the conditions constrained him to duplicity and falsehoods and avoidances are the main weapons he needs to shield himself from the individuals who are genuinely more grounded than he. The imagination, presence of mind, and comprehension of individuals of various classes give him the edge he needs to get by in a somewhat unforgiving society.   â â â â Living with Ms. Watson and Widow Douglas, Huck has balanced his life to that of a socialized society. Huck shows his adroit reasoning at the point when he see signs that shows his dad is back. Fearing his father, he gives the entirety of his cash to Judge Thatcher to abstain from being mistreated by his dad. Securing himself was his main need; he realized that if his dad received the cash he would become inebriated and consequently would mishandle him. His dad intoxication become a danger to his life later on in the story and by preventing him from getting the cash, he halted his father from being an abuser by then and time.   â â â â Pap, Huck's dad comes back to town to get authority of his child since he here of Huck's fortune, at long last depending on the hijacking. Huck is secured in the lodge when Pap isn't anywhere near; when he was bolted up for three days. Now and time Huck was being dismissed and misuse; his dad had no clue what his injurious conduct was doing to Huck until he get away. Pap turned out to be so abusive(not acknowledging it on account of he is consistently smashed), that he nearly murders his child in the lodge, thinking he was the heavenly attendant of death. This episode powers Huck to understand that his dad is an

Imaginal Exposure Borderline Personality Disorder

Imaginal Exposure Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Treatment Print Imaginal Exposure Borderline Personality Disorder By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 22, 2019 Tom M Johnson/Blend Images/Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions Imaginal exposure is one part of an approach to treatment called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT therapy focuses on the idea that most psychological problems can be traced back to early learning experiences and those experiences affect how we interpret and react to things that happen to us later in life. CBT is an empirically supported treatment â€" meaning it has been extensively researched and scientifically proven â€" for borderline personality  disorder. BPD  can be related to traumatic experiences. Whether it was an experience from when you were a toddler that you have forgotten or something horrific that happened while a teenager, these incidents may be responsible for some or all aspects of your BPD. In the CBT model, part of the reason that traumatic experiences from the past continue to trouble us today is that we learn to avoid thinking about them. This is natural  since past events can cause very painful emotions and we try not to live in the past. But because we try to push away thoughts about the occurrences and avoid anything that reminds us of those experiences, we actually prevent ourselves from learning that the memories won’t harm us and that we are safe. Imaginal exposure aims to bring these negative experiences to the surface so that you can reframe how you think about and react to those memories. By shifting those reactions, your reactions and behaviors in other situations may also be improved. How Imaginal Exposure Works Imaginal exposure is one way that CBT therapists address this problem. In imaginal exposure, you will be asked to imagine yourself back in one of your traumatic events. You will be asked to try to “re-live” the event in your mind’s eye, with all of the feelings, sensations, smells, sights, and sounds that happened during the event. Usually, imaginal exposure is done in your therapy session. Your doctor will guide you through the process, helping to keep you on track and secure. They will be very careful not to push you to a point of fear or discomfort, as they understand how awful it can be to think of these traumatic experiences. It is important to do imaginal exposure under the guidance of a therapist â€" this is not something to attempt on your own or with a friend. Over time, you may find that you are having less intense reactions to the memories of past events. There is a great deal of research demonstrating that imaginal exposure is an effective way to reduce trauma-related symptoms. It doesn’t work for everyone, but many people have significantly fewer issues and can better manage their borderline personality disorder after completing exposure therapy.

The Political Structure of the Maya in the Late Classic...

Many advances in archeological and epigraphic research has shed new light on Maya civilization, however, there is still much discussion on the political structure and how it was formed. The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization noted for its advanced form of civilization. It reached its highest state of development during the Classic period which ranges from approximately 200-900 AD. Early in the Classic period (292-434 AD), there were several city-states found throughout the Maya lowland region with no defined hierarchy of settlement or regional capitals. However, this seemed to shift around 514 AD with four major capitals forming in dispersed regions throughout the Maya lowlands (Scarre Fagan, 2008). It is in these regions that emblem†¦show more content†¦In this fashion, each capital was able to control the inferior city-states nearby and yet obtain its own independent polity apart from the other ruling capitals located in separate regions of the Maya lowlands. Schele Fr eidel (1990) believe that this political structure may have mirrored that of the ancient Maya cosmological structure in which each major capital is associated with a cardinal direction. Of course, it is crucial to know how these four dominant city-states were able to form and take control of the surrounding city-states to begin with. Joyce Marcus (1976), who studied Maya political territoriality through epigraphy and iconography, has come up with a model of how these four capitals came into power. A new city-state first expands its territory through mechanisms such as diplomacy, political marriage, and military conquest. Eventually, this state will reach a maximum territory threshold. This is because the lord of this city-state must collect and redistribute resources among its peoples and cannot do this beyond the extent of a certain marching distance (Chase Chase, 1998). It is not feasible to transport commodities to dependent city-states that are beyond this certain marching distance due to the limitations in carrying food and other commodities to such a great distance. At this point, the new polity may break into separate factions to become two independent city-statesShow MoreRelatedAncient And Culture : Guatemala, Mayan Time Period1491 Words   |  6 PagesTikal Temple Country/Culture: Guatemala, Mayan Time Period: Early Classic to Late Classic - 300-850 CE. Temple Type: Mayan Civilization Description: Tikal is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala. Cultural Context: The name Guatemala, signifying place that is known for timberlands, was gotten from one of the Mayan vernaculars talked by the indigenous individuals at the season of the Spanish triumph in 1523. It is utilized today by pariahs, and additionally by most subjectsRead MoreThe Aztecs Werelocated In Mexico, Built On A Series Of1180 Words   |  5 Pagesits children. The Maya are an indigenous people of Mexico and Central America who have continuously inhabited the lands comprising modern-day Yucatà ¡n, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico and southward through Guatemala,Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. Maya of Yucatan and Guatemala exhibited a cultural continuity spanning more than 2,000 years (1000 BC-AD 1542), and many aspects of their culture continue to the present. Mesoamerica had three major time periods: preclassic (2000Read MoreThe Ancient Civilization1502 Words   |  7 Pages The ancient Maya civilisation has generated great interest in many academic scholars and scientists, due to the phenomenon which saw one of the most dramatic civilisation collapses in recorded history, during what has been referred to as the Terminal Classic Period- A.D. ∠¼700 to 950 (Haug et al, 2003). Interestingly, the ancient civilisation has been characterised by its collapse in the 9th century, perhaps even more so than its remarka ble accomplishments, such as: creating vast hierarchical andRead MoreAncient Civilization Of Ancient Civilizations2605 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Monuments are resilient and commemorative structures that are significant to cultures or social groups. They may tell the tale of an event or celebrate or revere a person or God. Mayan stelae monuments are monuments that were fashioned by the Maya civilization of ancient Mesoamerica. They consist of tall sculpted stone shafts and In ancient Maya society, cosmological beliefs encompassed all aspects of life and integrated individuals into a unitary worldview and culture. Inspired byRead MoreEssay on Maya2969 Words   |  12 PagesMaya The ancient Maya were a group of American Indian peoples who lived in southern Mexico, particularly the present-day states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo, and in Belize, Guatemala, and adjacent Honduras. Their descendants, the modern Maya, live in the same regions today, in both highlands and lowlands, from cool highland plains ringed by volcanos to deep tropical rain forests. Through the region runs a single major river system, the Apasion-Usumacinta and itsRead MoreResearch Paper on Maya Civilization4670 Words   |  19 PagesResearch Paper on Mayan Civilization The Maya Introduction All remnants of the distant past are romantic, but ancient Maya civilization has a special fascination. It is a lost civilization, whose secrets lie deep in the mysterious tropical forest. The style of Maya architecture and sculpture seems alien and bizarre. The breathtaking splendor of ornate cites, the beautifully constructed grand temples, and the ingeniously developed and advanced caledretics, mathematics, and astronomy easily markRead MoreWhat Caused the Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization? Essay2582 Words   |  11 Pagesexplanations are suppositions made without convincing proof. It has been understood widely that the collapse of Late Classic Maya civilization involved more than the disintegration of political structure and that it could have involved a total systemic failure in which both centres and dependent villages were abandoned by elites and commoners alike. The lowland rainforest habitat where Maya civilization developed was not significantly reoccupied until comparatively recent time. Theories for this â€Å"MayanRead MoreWhy Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse?2267 Words   |  10 Pagesover a thousand years ago, one is often stirred with wonder and a deep sense of curiosity (Diamond, 2005, p157-8). What happened to this great empire and what brought about its demise? The tremendous task of erecting such elaborate and colossal structures was clearly performed by the hands of a well-organized and adept group of humans (Crist and Paganini, 1980, pg24). Their empire occupied a vast area of roughly 325000 square kilometres in what is now southern Mexico and northern Central AmericaRead MoreSummary of 13 Chapters of Belize5562 Words   |  23 Pagestables, maps and boxes, acknowledgments, foreword, introduction, map of Belize, then the thirteen chapters, notes, bibliography and index. It has 323 pages, 13 pictures, 16 tables, 3 maps, and 3 boxes. Assad shoman’s engaging about the social, political and economic history of Belize compelling relates the rich history of the peoples of Belize to the present condition in which the country finds itself. He scrutinizes some of the most culturally and politically sensitive aspects of Belize’s historyRead More Hernan Cortes Essay4247 Words   |  17 Pagesextraordinarily brave and intelligent individual who accomplished an almost miraculous feat. It will do so by making use of the twin concepts of virtu and fortuna. These two terms are basic to Niccolo Machiavellis thought. For this (in)famous political theorist, the wheel of fortune is an ever-present phenomenon in human affairs--- even though its effects can be controlled via the application of what he calls virtu. It is difficult to specify the meaning of this word, as it encompasses a wide

History of Life on Earth

Theory Paper Free Essays

————————————————- Integrative Theory of Counseling By Rachelle Remy Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Theology and Spirituality in Counseling PACO 507 Lynchburg, VA December 13, 2012 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Theory of Personality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Personality Structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Motivation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Human Development†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Individual Differences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Where are Problems De veloped†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Definition of Health†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Definition of Illness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Developing the Framework for cure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Attributes of my Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Techniques of the Therape utic Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Indication of Success†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 My Theory Relationship to a Comprehensive Worldview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 Abstract When persons seek counseling, they are often asking what they can d o to change things and wondering why their life is like it is. Counseling helps clients develop skills to cope with the dilemmas in their lives while theological reflection can help clients make meaning of these same dilemmas. Secular counseling can be a great help to non-Christian and Christian clients by simply injecting a spiritual dynamic to counseling, especially, if the counselor has the skills in assessing the appropriate amount of integrating psychological theories with Biblical and spiritual dynamics. This paper seeks to validate that, by using techniques from the psychological area in conjunction with theological truths while being cognizant of a person’s core spirit, a therapist can combine all disciplines to help clients. The process has a way to hone your perspective so you can focus on what really matters. We spend time and energy investing on what’s Not Important at the Expense of what’s Important. Introduction The world contains a wide variety of people, who experience a wide variety of problems coming from any number of sources. Consequently, a comprehensive theory of counseling must also address the major traits that constitute our personality; thus the need for a unified or comprehensive counseling model. Hawkins (2010) believes that the development of a comprehensive theory for counseling should incorporate responsibly insights from theology, psychology, and spirituality, while giving preference to scriptural/theological truth as foundational for resolving what appear to be contradictions between scripture and psychology. Hawkins’ model of counseling draws heavily on Crabb’s (1977) model and on the multi-tasking model of integration of Mark McMinn (1996). The model is illustrated with five concentric circles that diagram self and the forces that shape personality. I. The Concept/theory of Human Personality A. Definition The study of the human personality has been vast and has produced many and varied opinions, theories and hypotheses. The complexity of the human personality is the attributing factor why so many Christians are experiencing stress, despair, depression, discouragement and defeat today. Many define personality as the ability to elicit positive reactions from other people in one’s typical dealings with them. Personality is a conglomerate. It is the sum total of what a person is – including his beliefs, attitudes, physical attributes, actions, thoughts and so on. Even larger than the mountain of research and statements on the human personality, is the question of what causes varying personalities? Is it nature, or is it nurture? B. Personality Structure Delineation of Personality Structure Personality can be shaped by many environmental factors, such as family, socioeconomic status, and even biological factors. Hawkins delineates five areas, the core, soul, body, temporal systems, and supernatural systems that make up human personality. These forces work together to shape how a person develops, each impacting the individual’s nature. As demonstrated by Anderson (2000), spiritual forces have a tremendous impact on personality development and cannot be excluded from the growth process. Wilson (2001) claims that we are influenced at an early age and throughout adulthood by many different systems. Many times deep wounds and deep hurts affect the restoration project in a person’s life. When one believes the lies that are associated with shame, it â€Å"†¦ ontaminates all my perceptions, choices, and relationships (Wilson, 2001, pp. 18). † In addressing the core circle which deals with the image of God, sin, breath of life and human spirit, Crabb (1977) believes that the image of God in man is contained within four capacities: personal, rational, volitional, and emotional. Crabb notes that â€Å"the primary problem with people today is misplaced dependency† (1977, p. 139). When our depende ncy for having our basic needs of security and significance is on anything other than the Lord God, we will have problems. Tozer (1993) puts it best â€Å"the man who has God for his treasure has all things in One. † The Bible tells us that God created all things for man’s pleasure and subservient to him. However, He made man for His own glory and pleasure. Whenever that order is violated, our lives become self-centered, rather than God-centered. This leads us to a very important component of the human personality – Motivation. C. Motivation Generally speaking Motivation is what causes us to act. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behavior. Motivation is one of the concepts Crabb uses in dealing with how problems develop. He says, â€Å"The direction which I am motivated to follow in an effort to meet my needs depends on. . . what I think will meet those needs† (Crabb, p. 117). The client is motivated to meet his needs for being loved and have a purpose for living. Backus and Chapian (2000) advocate that most of what happens in life happens because of the way we think. Wrong thinking produces wrong emotions, wrong reactions, wrong behavior, which leads to anxiety, depression, and unhappiness. They propose that our emotions are not created by what happens to us; rather, our emotions are created by what we tell ourselves about what happens to us; thus affecting our unconscious mind. Crabb describes the unconscious as, â€Å". . . the reservoir of basic assumptions which people firmly and emotionally hold about how to meet their needs of significance and security† (p. 91). The unconscious mind is the area of the soul that must be renewed daily as it affords Satan opportunities to implement his illusory strategies. Our interpretations can be misguided. Anderson (2000) affirms that â€Å"Satan’s first and foremost strategy is deception† (p. 23). The catalyst of true transformation is the renewing of our mind, as the Bible teaches us in Romans 12:2 (NKJ) â€Å"And do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The transformation process should then lead to a higher level of Maturity. D. Human Development The concept of human development warrants an understanding of how personality and behavior develops in people. According to Erick Erickson (1950), Life is a series of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Erikson’s psychosocial theory essentially states that each person experiences eight ‘psychosocial crises’ (internal conflicts linked to life’s key stages) which help to define his or her growth and personality. Erickson asserts that when a person passes unsuccessfully through a psychosocial crisis stage they develop a tendency towards one or other of the opposing forces, which then becomes a behavioral tendency, or even a mental problem. Ultimately, as one progress through the different life stages, they acquire a higher level of maturity, which is the ultimate goal of Christian counseling. Crabb explains that Christian maturity is achieved by moving OVER to biblical consistency and pressing UP by developing an attitude of Christ like submission to the Father’s will (Crabb, p. 29). â€Å"Maturity involves two elements: (1) immediate obedience in specific situations and (2) long-range character growth† (Crabb, p. 23). He contends that the goal of Christian counselors should be to increase the maturity of clients by becoming more like God and striving to please Him in every activity and thought. With his â€Å"Four-Step Biblical Process† Adams (1986) offers his contribution to the concept of Christian maturity. The substratum of Adams’ four (4) steps is 2 Timothy 3:14-17, which teach that All Scripture is inspired by God and is profitable for (1) teaching, for (2) rebuking (or convicting), for (3) correcting, and lastly (4) for training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work. † (p. 13). E. Individual differences As a person matures the experiences felt in life will alter his/her personality. Sometimes these changes can be good leading to normal development and growth. Conversely, experiences in life can be traumatic and hurtful leading to abnormal development and destructive behavior. Hawkins states that it is important that as counselors we understand the â€Å"shaping influences that have contributed to the development of the ideas, feelings, and choices of the client. † These influences result in individual differences and can stem from many places as a human being matures. Personality traits such as discussed in Hart 2001)’s book The Anxiety Cure, can influence how a person perceives events, people, and life. Writing from personal experience, Wilson (2001) believes that, â€Å"what we learn in our families shape every area of our lives. When children grow up in hurtful homes, they do not learn the basics of healthy relationships (Wilson, 2001, p. 124). Using a cognitive behavioral approach and an emphasis on family structure, Dr. Wilson expounds that children are unable to think for themselves because of their lack of ability and reasoning capabilities. II. Where are problems developed? A. Definition of Health The three factors to determining he alth, according to McMinn, are accurate awareness of self, accurate awareness of needs, and involvement in healthy relationships. Basing self worth on the word of God is the most useful tool in bringing clients to health. There must be a goal to work toward within every counseling model. For the Christian counselor the overarching goal must be to bring the client to a place where they become the image bearer of God, as was intended in the first place. In order to achieve this goal a strategy of intervention must be implemented. Hawkins clearly defines his strategy of intervention within his grid for tracking progress. Hawkins states, â€Å"There are areas that need to be investigated that contribute to the shaping of the self and it is these areas in which the strengths or weaknesses will be discovered. They are the areas of the Spiritual, the thoughts, the decision, the feelings, the relationships (system) and the body. † It is within these areas that the counselor, ultimately, would seek to help the client come to a place of wholeness and closeness to God. Sandra Wilson (2001) directs hurt people to the Bible to find their source of certainty. She lists Biblical references in order to aid in development of a healthy self image based on the unconditional love of Jesus Christ. Archibald Hart (1999) says that it is helpful to practice self-talk based on truth Cloud and Townsend (2002), in Boundaries in Marriage, state that a person who is healthy displays certain characteristics: they are open to feedback and correction; are not defensive; take ownership of own problems, choices, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors; can see themselves and observe their behavior; value relationships; value the individuality of others; allow others to be different; respect other’s differences; and see their own need for growth. When all of these attributes are in place then an individual can live out of a place of obedience to the two greatest commandments; â€Å"love the Lord with all your heart, mind, and soul and love your neighbor as yourself. †(Matthew 22:37-39)   This truly is being an image barer of God. The overarching goal as listed by Hawkins is the imitation of Christ as stated in Ephesians 5:1. B. Definition of Illness Many theorists put faces on illnesses such as anxiety, sin, lust, neglect or depression. They are endless in the forms they take: biological, emotional and cognitive; just to name a few. Both Christian and secular psychologists agree illness is a break from the socialistic norms that are in place. Illness has many causes; as noted earlier Wilson emphasizes outside influences as well as hereditary make up, while Hart singles out personality type and drive that cause burnout. Cloud and Townsend contend illness stems from a lack of boundaries, while Backus and Chapian hold to thoughts and beliefs to which the individual agrees. In Wilson’s Healing Overview and Progress Evaluation (HOPE) chart, hurting people are led through a process that identifies the key issue, applies truth to it, makes new choices and them puts them into practice. Becoming aware of thought processes makes change easier. The inability to react well to stress can be genetic. Hart explains that, â€Å"Type-A people (those that are driven, ‘hot reactors,’ and always in a hurry) inherit a large part of this tendency rather than develop it later in life† (p. 55). Sin is at the very heart of illness, it is Satan’s intent to steal, kill, and destroy mankind and he will use every opportunity available. John 10:10) and as asserted by Adams, any Christian counselor that minimizes sin being at the root of all human problems is doing a disservice to his client. Sin affects every area of  human life including thoughts, actions and relations. Satan is on constant watch, waiting for Christians to slip up in areas of vulnerability. III. Developing the Framework for the Cure. A. The attributes of my theory The goal of the Christian counselor is to promote mental and spiritual growth, so that the client can draw from their faith and look to God for guidance. The most important part of  change is the understanding of eternal life which completely changes reasons for existing. Shame, guilt and blame were washed away by the sacrifice that Jesus made on the cross. When this fact is ignored, much healing is denied. The whole idea of healing originates in Biblical history. Moses writes, â€Å"†¦for I am the Lord Who heals you† (Exodus 15:26 (NKJ). Acceptance, empathy and genuineness are all qualities that a counselor must use to put the client at ease in order for them to tell their story. Crabb teaches that identification of problem feelings can only happen when the client feels accepted by the counselor. In Hawkins’ model of strategic intervention he clearly lays out a plan of action that leads to freedom for the entire person. He proposes each part of the self is in need of a cure and must be included in any comprehensive model of counseling. The entire person must be addressed with looking for a cure as dysfunction in one area will have an impact on other areas of the self. When addressing each part of the person, it is important for the cure to entail strategies that will be most beneficial for each area. Within the core and connected self, Backus and Chapian propose taking the client through a three step approach of   locating the misbelief, removing the misbelief, and replacing the misbelief with truth in order to bring the individual back in line with their identity of being an image barer of God. For the covered self, what Hawkins calls the soul, Hart proposes rest and relaxation to combat anxiety, stating, â€Å"There is no tool more crucial to recovery from anxiety than the ability to produce a relaxation response. Anderson advocates that the constrained self, which is affected by natural and supernatural forces, must be confronted with truth in order for the client to be set free from the bondage of them. He states, â€Å"Freedom from spiritual conflicts and bondage is not a power encounter; it’s a truth encounter. † B. Techniques of the Therapeutic Process In the helping relationship, techniques are used to help the client reach the point of change. One approa ch that Christian counselors should not be without is prayer. When developing a therapeutic model of counseling one of the first steps toward success is making sure the counselee feels comfortable and safe. Crabb states, â€Å"Counseling is a relationship. Relationship interactions vary depending on the temperaments, problems, or personalities of the people involved. A counselor that can establish relationship from the very beginning will have better success in the long run. One of the common threads found throughout the resources used for this paper is the concept of truth. Wilson, Backus and Chapian, and Anderson all agree that helping the client to understand the truth and let go of misbeliefs is one of the most important steps in any therapeutic process. Hawkins’ four phase process includes: (1) Listening well to the presenting story. (2) Develop with the counselee a preferred future. (3) Develop an action plan. When dealing with some common misconceptions, Anderson believes that the counselee will be able to dispel the wrong beliefs about the spiritual world that keeps him/her in darkness by moving from a Western worldview to a Biblical worldview. C. Indication of Success The accuracy and effectiveness of any theoretical assumption is best measured by a changed life. When a counselee comes into a counseling session distraught and in pain, if the counselor can see a visible change in their countenance as they leave then they can know their methods were affective. When there is visible evidence of a destructive behavior being turned into a constructive behavior the counselor can be assured they are doing something right. True success in counseling is defined by progress not perfection. McMinn’s theory states, â€Å"A more careful look suggests that spiritual and psychological health require a confident (but not inflated) sense of self, an awareness of human need, and limitations, and confiding inter personal relationships with God and others. † If the methods being incorporated within the counseling model are in line with the Word of God and bring hope for change to the counselee results will be seen. By following the leading of the Spirit first while applying Biblical techniques one can be assured success. As aforementioned, the overarching goal should be the imitation of Christ. IV. My Theory Relationship to a Comprehensive Worldview Each participant in the counseling process possesses a worldview, whether they realize it or not. These worldviews affect the way therapy progresses. It is important for the Christian counselor to have a comprehensive understanding of what his worldview consists of. The Biblical worldview sifts all information through the sieve of God’s Word. It was not God’s intent for Christians to tolerate bondage and unhealthy restraints in their lives, because what is tolerated eventually dominates. Jesus was the example on earth for us to follow even stating, â€Å"†¦He who believes in Me, the works that I do he will do also; and greater works than these he will do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (John 14:12 (NKJ). The freedom found in following after the example of Jesus and living out the promise of His word is the true inheritance Jesus left for all who believe on Him. This comprehensive theory covers all important aspects of a Biblical worldview. Possessing the ability to multitask ensures that all important aspects of  worldview are included. Uniting psychology, spirituality, and theology encompasses all the components of human behavior necessary to assess functioning. The theory presented here allows the Biblical worldview to emerge as dominant in order to resolve any conflicts between Scripture and psychology. V. Conclusion A complete counseling session would also incorporate concepts drawn from theology, psychology, and spirituality, giving weight to theology as the foundational truth from which to build as well as bring balance to the model. Proverbs 1:2 instructs us â€Å"To know wisdom and instruction, to perceive the words of understanding†. Integration of the three areas of human behavior, psychology, theology and spirituality provide a comprehensive understanding of what makes an individual function. The discipline of theology must be the basis from which Christian counselors choose which theories, techniques and processes to use. References Adams, J. E. (1986). How to help people change. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House. Anderson, N. T. (2006). The bondage breaker (New and Expanded Edition). Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. Backus, W. D. , Chapian, M. (2000). Telling yourself the truth (20th ed. ). Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers. Beck, J. 2001). Introducing Christian doctrine (2nd ed. ). Grand Rapids, MI:Baker Academic. Crabb, L. (1986). Effective biblical counseling: A model for helping caring Christians become capable counselors. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton. Hawkins, R. (2010). Hawkins’ model for guiding the counseling pr ocess. Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University, Counseling Department Kollar, C. A. (1997). Solution-focused pastoral counseling. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House. Mark R. McMinn. (1996). Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. How to cite Theory Paper, Papers Theory Paper Free Essays The social integration theory takes a look in to how relationships go from very basic and shallow to intimate strong relationships. I can relate to this theory in both my personal and professional life. In my current relationship with my wife we were at a point where our relationship was very shallow and TLD really mean anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now We hung out with each other and had fun with other but nothing was serious about It at all. As time went on and we learned more about each other we also grew to Like each other and wanted to spend more time with each other. The relationship was leaving he basic shallow phase to a more intimate phase. We began to spend time with each other exclusively without the company of others. This allowed out relationship to grow even deeper and more intimate. As we began to see each other exclusively we started to see our relationship grow and decided to make it official by getting married after three years of dating each other. I feel this theory played out well in my relationship with my wife and if very close of the description of the theory. In all relationships there is always room from improvement whether it is small improvements or large Improvements. There are ways In which I and in some cases where my wife feel as If some portions of the relationship moved forward without full use of the social penetration theory. The relationship continued to move towards Intimate levels without the really getting to know each other any better and some things we should have known about each other before marriage. In the future I will continue to get to know my wife the best way I know how to as we grow in our relationship together. On the other side I started a job with a company and had no intentions of staying with the company because it wasn’t providing anything I needs as far as my goals for my career. As I worked the Job and continued to look for employment that was closer to my career goals. I purposely chose not to get to know my coworkers and did just the minimum of work Just to get by until I could find something better. As time went on I began to get to know my coworkers a little better and found out that they had interesting thing to say and I was able to learn a lot from them. A lot of my co workers are Hispanic and I am able to learn a lot about the efferent cultures and ways of life. I also have learned that the Job does have benefits that It can offer me by offering me bonuses based on our performance on the job that is relatively easy. Know I have a good relationship with my co workers The relationship with my Job could have been more effective is I would have went in to the Job with the intentions if doing my best and I would have been able to reap the benefits of the bonus early on and probably would have earned a higher position a lot earlier. I also would have gone in to the Job with a better attitude towards getting to know my coworkers. This could have built better relationships with my coworkers and could have met some really good friends. The social penetration theory is very alive in my personal and professional life. With the Communication Privacy Management theory, it focuses on when and how people choose to reveal personal and private information about themselves to others. This theory is one that a of people use in their daily lives when meeting new people. I also use this theory as well when inviting someone new into my life or with someone I may already know deciding whether to trust them with additional information about myself. Whenever we meet someone new we may either be eager to get to know them or sometimes may be a little cautious about the person and want to take things slow and build up trust towards them. When we are eager to get to know someone we may reveal more about ourselves a lot quicker than we would in a normal situation. When we are more cautious we want to reveal as little about ourselves as possible in an effort to protect ourselves from someone we do not know. This is more common among people who may have been hurt or scared by someone they revealed information to too quickly. As we get to know the person more and more we tend to let them closer and trust them a little more which can result in offering them more information about ourselves. There are situations where we offer information to people we may not want to or people we do not know. This is often done when being questions for something such as a Job or by police. But for the most part people hold back their personal information until they feel more conformable offering it up to others. This theory also can relate to my currently employer as well. As mentioned with the revises theory I started this Job Just as filler and had no intentions of staying there because it didn’t meet my career goals. I planned on keeping this information to myself and when I found a Job to meet my needs I would Just quit and start the new job with a career in mind. As I worked the Job more and more I was able to learn about other employees planning to leave the Job for another Job for several other reasons. At first I still didn’t want to reveal my intentions to others because I didn’t word spreading that I wanted to leave because the Job didn’t have a lot of employees ND would be a process to replace me. I also was worried about them knowing and getting the process started in replacing me and get fired from the Job before I can find another. One day I was having a bad day because of a disagreement with my wife before work. When I went in to work I had a one on one with my manager who I began to feel more and more comfortable with. In this one on one she asked me what my plans were as far as growing with the company. I revealed to her that I had no plans and I was actually currently looking for employment with other companies that were more closely related to my career goals. I could have done this better by introducing the information about my desire to find employment with a company that was more catered to my career goals and possibly see if there is a position that he current company offers to allow me to grow to the position. Organizational Culture companies that hire new people they introduce them to the culture of the company in an effort to show them how things are done and who is important to the company and why. Companies also would like to show them how and why they do things within the company. All of this is true for the company I currently work for. Most line level employees can agree that they are told they are the most important people in the company and they are the meat and potatoes and are the ones that keep the company going. When these employees look at their paychecks they do not see how they are so important. Companies tend to use motivational talk to encourage employees to do their best rather than increase pay. They feel that if they make them feel important then they will try their best and be on board with the company core values and culture. In reality people who hold these positions have a completely efferent view as to how to feel important. At my current Job the same story I told to us stating that we are the most important people in the company but we are the lowest paid and most worked with greater expectations. In this situation a lot of employees feel used and feel as if they are being taken advantage of because they are told one thing but in reality thing are different. This creates a culture of employees that do not feel the same as the companies think they do or would like them to feel. This creates a culture inside of the culture that the company created which is in a way a culture of the employees. This is evident with a lot of companies now that have employees demanding better pay for the work that they do working for companies that may billions of dollars in months but pay their employees minimum wages. With all companies there will always be cultures inside of the company culture whether it is from values to religion or race; there will always be something to create smaller groups of people with similar goals, views, and values. In conclusion, the theories of communication offer us a deeper looking to the inner workings of immunization. With the inside look in to communication we have a better opportunities to communicate with those in our personal lives as well as with those in our professional lives. In all that can make us at all around better person to those we have relationships with as they grow and become more intimate relationships whether it is romantic or platonic. We also learn how we can choose to communicate certain nothings and choose when the best time is and place to do so bases on our feelings. Finally we can see how communication can affect organizations and cultures. How to cite Theory Paper, Papers

The Trojan Women Monologue Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Trojan Women Monologue Argumentative Essay A monologue from the play by Euripides NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Plays of Euripides in English, vol. i. Trans. Shelley Dean Milman. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1920. HECUBA: Forbear, ye virgins; what was pleasing once Pleases no more: here let me lie thus fall\n, A fall that suits what I have suffered, what I suffer, and shall suffer. O ye gods, Unkind associates I indeed invoke, Yet when affliction rends the anguished heart, We with becoming grace invoke the gods First it is pleasing to me to recount My happier fortunes: thus my woes shall raise A stronger pity. Royal was my birth, And marriage joined me to a royal house; There I was mother of illustrious sons, Sons with superior excellence adorned Above the Phrygians; such no Trojan dame, No Grecian, no Barbarian e\er could boast; These I saw fall\n beneath the Grecian spear, And laid my several tresses on their tomb. For Priam too, their father, flowed my tears; His fate I heard not from report, but saw it, These eyes beheld him murdered at the altar Of Guardian Jove; my vanquished city stormed; My daughters, whom I nurtured high in hope Of choosing honourable nuptials for them, For others nurtured from my hands are rent; There is no hope that me they e\er shall see, And I shall never see them more. Th\ extreme, The height of my afflicting ill is this: I to some house shall go a hoary slave, To some base task, most irksome to my age, Assigned; or at their doors to keep the keys A portress shall I wait, the mother once Of Hector, or to labour at the mill; For royal couches, on the ground to make My rugged bed; and o\er these worn-out limbs The tattered remnant of a worn-out robe, Unseemly to my happier state, to throw. Ah, for one woman\s nuptial bed, what woes Are mine, and will be mine! Alas, my child, My poor Cassandra, madd\ning with the gods, By what misfortunes is thy purity Defiled? And where art thou, Polyxena, O thou unhappy! Thus of all my sons And all my daughters, many though they were, Not one is left to soothe my miseries. Why do you raise me, virgins? With what hope Lead you this foot, which once with stately port In Troy advanced, but now a slave, to seek A bed of leaves strewn on the ground, a stone My pillow, there to lie, to perish there Wasted with tears? Then deem not of the great Now flourishing as happy, ere they die.

Performance Appraisal System

Introduction In business organizations, employees are among the most valuable organizational assets and highly determine the overall performance of any business. Many organizations despite having the abilities essential in enhancing performance have slacked due to poor input towards employees concerns.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Performance Appraisal System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, according to Levesque (2007, p.30) employee satisfaction leads to customer satisfaction. In this line, I suggest that employee motivation is the most essential component in business. Effective HRM (human resource management) is vital for optimally exploiting creativity and accomplishing organizational as well as individual goals. Organizational leadership must ensure appropriate integration of different activities and synchronized functioning focusing on organizational goals. Employee motivation is vital for guaranteeing commitment of human capital to the given goals. The answer to motivation is centered on the integration of individual and organizational goals. Hence, managers have to concentrate on important HRM tasks like planning, development, evaluation and compensation. Evaluation entails performance appraisals, scheduling and recommending. This paper investigates the â€Å"good† characteristics of an appraisal system and how the system can be paired with compensation and benefit packages to increase employee motivation. ‘Good’ characteristics of an appraisal framework The success of an appraisal system depends on the involvement of all parties involved. The difference between appraisals and evaluations should be clearly understood by both parties. An evaluation is aimed at objective measurement but an appraisal involves both objective and subjective measurement of employee performance within the period set for review. Therefore, the aim of performance appr aisal is feedback, improvement and assessment (Goel, 2008). The process of implementing performance appraisals is centered on three elements: the job, the employee and the environment of the business. Since these elements are interrelated and interdependent, the appraisal system must be individualized, qualitative, subjective, and focused on solving problems in order to be effective. The system should also be founded on clearly defined and measurable values and indicators of employee performance. Because the system appraises performance rather than personality, personality aspects that are not pertinent to performance must be disregarded from the system. Some of the ‘good’ characteristics of an appraisal system include the following:Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Documented job analysis: the performance goals and job description must be structured, mu tually accepted by and documented for both the employees and managers. Reliability and validity; performance appraisal systems should give reliable, consistent and valid information that an organization can use even in legal ramifications (Goel 2008). If two supervisors are equally qualified to appraise a worker through the same appraisal method, their results should then agree. An appraisal should also satisfy the requirement of validity. For instance, if a system is designed for potential of a worker for promotion, the information it gives must relate to potentialities of the worker to assume higher roles. Communicated to employees; most workers want to know about their job performance. An effective appraisal scheme offers the necessary feedback continuously. The appraisal interview must allow both the employee and the appraiser to understand the existing gaps and plan for a better future. So far, managers must explicitly explain their expectations on various jobs in advance of th e review period. With that understanding, the employees find it easier to learn about the goals and improve their future performance. Participatory and open; for any successful appraisal system, the employees should be involved and allowed to participate via an interview with the appraiser, for feedback. Interview discussion may involve past performance and establishment of future goals. Strategies to accomplish these goals and improve future performance should also be discussed jointly. Such involvement imparts a sense of belonging. Employee appeal; formal procedures must be developed to give room for employees who are dissatisfied with appraisal results. They should be offered options to pursue their complaints and have them handled objectively. Primarily, performance appraisals should be used to develop employees as treasured organizational resources. The system will apparently fail when the managers use it as a whip or fail to understand its restrictions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Performance Appraisal System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supervisor training; since the performance appraisal is vital and somehow difficult, it is necessary to offer training to the appraiser on rating, documenting and interviewing. Being familiar with rating errors can enhance the performance of the rater and hence inject the necessary confidence in the supervisor to consider ratings more objectively (Goel, 2008). Rewards; an effective appraisal system should include both positive and negative rewards in order to initiate impact. The employees use the rewards as yardstick and improve their performance accordingly. Integrating compensation and reward packages Designing and managing reward systems perhaps presents the managers with the most challenging HRM undertaking. Within this area of HRM, there are great inconsistencies between what the literature promises and the practical execution. At the same time, organizations encounter cycles of novelty with higher hopes as the reward networks are improved, only to experience disappointment when they fail to provide results. From a business perspective, rewards are aimed at motivating certain behaviors. Nonetheless, rewards such as compensation should be appreciated as well-timed and connected to successful performance. This means that reward considerations must reflect on the outcome of performance appraisal in order to instill motivation. In today’s competitive environment, business organizations are increasingly establishing compensation goals based on pay-for-performance principle (Goel, 2008). It is agreed that performance appraisal are not complete without the managers tying some rewards to the efforts and performance of the employees. This principle is important in motivating employees to perform with larger effort, resulting in low-wage cost. Pay-for-performance standard refers to different compensation for ms such as incentive pay, cash bonuses, merit pays and gain-sharing plans. All of these forms seek to separate outstanding performers from the pay-for-average performers. As Goel (2008) notes, productivity researches indicate that employees output increases when a firm establishes a pay-for-performance initiative. A number of researches and theories have been developed about how monetary initiatives satisfy and motivate workers (Perry, Engbers Jun, 2009; Arthur Aiman-Smith, 2001; Raghuram Rangaraj, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nearly, all studies on the significance of pay likened to other rewards indicate that pay is significant and constantly ranks top in the list. Merit salary increase and piece-rate incentive systems have been associated with responsible stewardship (Perry, Engbers Jun, 2009). Group and organizational-wide incentives such as gain-sharing plans have been associated with cooperation and fairness in organizations (Arthur Aiman-Smith, 2001). Individual-pay-for performance initiatives have been associated with personal development (Raghuram Rangaraj, 2008). All these suggest that a performance appraisal that involves effective rewards systems is important in motivating employees. Conclusion Employee motivation is a major factor than determines individual performance as well as the overall performance of an organization. Therefore, it is the role of management to design performance appraisals that are accepted by all those involved in order to enhance their effectiveness. Such appraisals must then include the rewarding system which leads to the motivation. Although there are many reward systems, studies reveal that pay-for-performance initiatives are most appropriate to integrate with performance appraisals. References Arthur, J. B. Aiman-Smith, L. (2001). Gainsharing and organizational learning: an analysis of employee suggestion over time. Academy of Management Journal. 44(4), 737-754. Goel, D. (2008). Performance Appraisal and Compensation Management: A Modern Approach. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Levesque, P. (2007). Motivation: powerful motivators that will turbo-charge your workforce. Irvine, CA: Entrepreneur Press. Perry, J. L., Engbers, T. A. Jun, S. Y. (2009). Back to the future? Performance-related pay, empirical research and the perils of persistence. Public Administration Review, 39-51. Raghuram, G. Rangaraj, N. (2008). Formulating the concept, principles and parameters for performance-related incentives (PRI) in government. Retrieved f rom https://www.india.gov.in/ This research paper on Performance Appraisal System was written and submitted by user Tate D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Performance Appraisal System

Usama Bin Laden essays

Usama Bin Laden essays WHO IS HE AND WHY HAS HE RAINED TERROR ON AMERICA? MURDER OF U.S. NATIONALS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES; CONSPIRACY TO MURDER U.S. NATIONALS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES; ATTACK ON A FEDERAL FACILITY RESULTING IN USAMA BIN LADEN IS WANTED IN CONNECTION WITH THE AUGUST 7, 1998, BOMBINGS OF THE UNITED STATES EMBASSIES IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA AND NAIROBI, KENYA. THESE ATTACKS KILLED OVER 200 PEOPLE. CONSIDERED ARMED AND EXTREMELY DANGEROUS Usama Bin Laden....who is he? What is his anger towards America based on? Is he even mad at America Usama Bin Muhammad Bin Laden was born in the year 1957 in the desert city of Saudi Arabia. Born of around 50 children he was among the top 20 births. Bin Ladens father dominates the biggest oil company in the Saudi lands...his net worth is in the billions. With that in mind , every male in Bin Ladens family has acquired at least $500 million dollars. In 1979 Bin Laden left Saudi Arabia to fight the war in Afghanistan against the soviet union. While he was there he founded the Maktab which recruited fighters from around the world also importing weapons equipment for the battle against the soviet. After the soviet left Afghanistan these Arab Afghans turned there fire on the U.S. in the middle east. This was a shock to the U.S. because they were the ones, ALSO ,helping the Afghans fight the soviet. After which Bin Laden went back to Saudi Arabia to help his familys buisness but was exiled from the country because of his radicalistic activities. He then fled to Sudan for five! years in which the U.S. pressured the country to exile him too, which he finally was. From Sudan he went to Afghanistan... Bin Laden , a wealthy and private man has been granted a safe haven by Afghanistans ruling Taleban movement. During his time in hiding he has called for holy war against the American ...

Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discrimination - Essay Example Being of the minority of Chinese descent living in the United States, I am often subjected to racial discrimination on matters that might not even relate to me personally. Such prejudice is a result of the generalized misconceptions (Ruchlis 2) that people have fostered about the Chinese population in the United States, and I often fall victim to such stereotypic prejudice (Ruchlis 1). Working as a cashier in a store, one day I was faced with a situation in which a white lady made a ride remark about my ethnicity. Our store has a policy that customers can only use a card to make a purchase if the bill amounts to a minimum of three dollars. This lady bought a lollipop and wanted to make the payment through a credit card. I politely explained to her that this was not possible since her transaction did not amount to the minimum set by our store manager. Instead of trying to abide by this rule, she commented that such a behavior was typical of â€Å"you Chinese people†. I was disa ppointed and heartbroken by this comment, as it was not my fault and I had no way of assisting her. Nevertheless, I was viewed as a troublemaker for the customers just because of my ethnicity. I feel that had the cashier been a white native, he or she would not have been subjected to such comments by the same customer. This is an example of the social prejudice that people nurture in their hearts when they have too little information about a group of people whom they have to deal with on a daily basis (Ruchlis 2).... This discrimination, according to Ruchlis, forms the third level of social prejudice (8). On the other hand, I sometimes act as a perpetrator, too, practicing social discrimination and prejudice against certain groups of people that I either do not like or do not feel comfortable with. I have often held a negative view about the black population of the area that I live and work in. Some of this discrimination has resulted due to unpleasant experiences that I have had with that group (Ruchlis 2), and those feelings of resentment have been augmented by the general views of my friends and the people around me about the black populace (Ruchlis 4). I generally believe them to be rude and stingy, and although I am well aware that holding such negative notions about a community in general is faulty on my part (Ruchlis 3), I still keep on harboring such feelings. For instance, just recently a black lady came to our store to buy groceries. It was the first time she had come, so she needed som e directions as to the location of certain items and some help with choosing among the options. Although I assisted her, my manner was very rude. I did not address her as â€Å"ma’am† or â€Å"lady†, rather I answered her questions in merely â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no†, and overall had a very exasperated air to me. Thinking that she would be so stingy as to deny me any tip for assisting her, I did not put my best foot forward, and did not give her my best advice. Nevertheless, she was very sweet of me, and on her way out at the counter, she gave me a handsome compensation for helping her, which was very surprising for me. She has not visited the store since then, so

Critical analysis on potential benefit of using CRM in organization Essay - 1

Critical analysis on potential benefit of using CRM in organization - Essay Example grating effective customer relationship management into business strategy, with a contextual focus and comparative analysis of the retail sector and tourism industry. The digitisation of business through the Internet has expedited novel business opportunities through the piecemeal development of e-commerce, thereby culminating in an unfamiliar business paradigm. However, the rapid pace of online business activity has led to ad hoc responsive retail strategy measures in an attempt to balance the interests and protection of consumers, whilst simultaneously facilitating market growth. Furthermore, a central business strategy mantra of conventional businesses is â€Å"location, location, location† as being imperative to profitability and commercial prosperity; however the e-commerce paradigm arguably renders physical location irrelevant (Lloyd, 2004). As such, the traditional emphasis on â€Å"location† has created an inherent contradiction, where â€Å"location returns very much to the forefront† (Lloyd, 2004). To this end, it has been argued that the common issues deriving from e-commerce are contractual jurisdiction, applicable law, tax and and consumer protection (Lloyd, 2004). This in itself highlights the multifarious complex issues pertaining to contemporary retail management strategy as a result of the e-commerce business model. For example, the internet business model reduces overheads and provides increased anonymity with regard to customer interaction as a result of globalisation. Indeed, Brah et al, further highlight the instantaneous nature of globalisation as highlighted by the increased internet usage and wide dissemination of information (Brah et al, 1999: 3). They further posit that a crucial element is movement of capital, commodities, cultural imaginations and practices (Brah et al, 1999:3). Moreover, Tomlinson posits that globalisation culturally impacts the contemporary social and cultural framework, arguably creating a fragmentation of the

Literature Review Relating To Geothermal Energy

Literature Review Relating To Geothermal Energy The General Scheme of Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010 is a publication by the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources outlining details of the Geothermal Energy Development Bill which is being drafted. The Bill aims to provide a legislative framework for the vesting, licensing and regulation of geothermal energy. Publication is expected in July 2011. The Geothermal Energy Resource Map of Ireland report was commissioned by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) and carried out by the CSA Group (now SLR Consulting Ireland) and was completed in July 2004. The report reviewed existing knowledge of geothermal energy utilisation in Ireland, identified potential resources of geothermal energy in Ireland, created geothermal models of Ireland and produced a series of geothermal maps of Ireland, reviewed the current status and utilisation of geothermal energy resources in Ireland, and provided strategic recommendations regarding future utilisation in the context of International Best Practice. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (2004)Â   The final output of this study, apart from the written report is a series of geothermal maps showing measured and modelled geothermal subsurface temperatures at various depths ranging from 100m to 5000m. This is useful for researchers, consultants and decision members interested in exploring geothermal potential at any location. Sutainable Energy Authority of Ireland (2004)Â   (Retrieved 8/11/2010) 2.2 The Kyoto Protocol 2.2.1 Global Warming and Climate Change Global Warming is the phenomenon whereby the earths surface temperature rises over time which causes climatic change. Global Warming is caused by the release of Green House Gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere thus creating what has become known as the greenhouse effect. The primary GHG is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) which contributes to global warming through the process of burning fossil fuels. 40% of all CO2 emissions are from power plants, 33% from motor vehicles, and 3.5% from aircraft. (http://globalwarming.com/2009/03/causes-of-global-warming/) (30/11/2010) 2.2.2 Introduction of the Kyoto Protocol The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty formed by the United Nations (UN) at its Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 with the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. [1] Climate Lab http://climatelab.org/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change Retrieved 12/11/2010 The treaty provided for updates or protocols that set mandatory emission limits. The principle update is the Kyoto Protocol which was initially adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11th December 1997 and came into force on 16th February 2005. Under the Kyoto Protocol, participating Annex 1 countries (industrialised countries and member states of the European Union) agreed to commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gas emissions of 5.2% collectively from 1991 levels. 188 states ratified the protocol including 37 industrialized countries. [2] UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php Retrieved 12/11/2010 One major obstacle for the establishment of the protocol was the refusal of the worlds largest CO2 emitter, the United States, to sign the treaty. The second major obstacle is that rapidly developing nations like China and India face no legal obligation to meet the limits set out to reduce their GHG emissions. China is the worlds second largest CO2 emitter. 2.2.3 Ireland and the Kyoto Protocol Ireland signed the Kyoto Protocol on 19th April 1998 and ratified it on 31st May 2002. [3] UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php Retrieved 12/11/2010 While the Kyoto Protocol required Annex 1 countries to reduce its GHG emissions by 5.2% between 2008 and 2012, the European Union wishing to show leadership in this area undertook to reduce emissions by 8% for the same period. Although an 8% reduction was sought across the EU, Irelands target was an increase of 13% in emissions based on 1990 levels which is the base year for Kyoto limits. This value reflects growth in the economy and expected future growth. This increase is compensated by bigger reductions in other countries. [4] Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd. (HKEX) http://www.hkex.com.hk/consul/paper/cp200906dm_e.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) was published in October 2000 as a basis for government policy in relation to climate change. Its aim was to set Ireland on a pathway to reaching its targets in relation to the Kyoto Protocol. http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,923,en.pdf Retrieved 20/12/2010 Irelands emissions peaked in 2001 at a time when Ireland was experiencing high employment, a strong economy, and further growth was anticipated. The years to follow showed reduction in emission levels yet the targets set out under the Kyoto Protocol remained what appeared to many to be an over ambitious target. 2002 showed that Ireland was 23% above emissions for 1990. In 2005 emission levels stood at 25% above base level. In 2004 and 2005, when it became apparent that more needed to be done to ensure Ireland met its targets, the government intensified its efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The 2006 budget saw the introduction of excise relief for biofuels and the introduction of new building regulations to provide higher standards of energy conservation. [5] Irelands Pathway to Kyoto Compliance Review of the National Climate Change Strategy http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,1289,en.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The National Climate Change Strategy 2007 2012 was published in order to show clearly the measures by which Ireland will meet its 2008 2012 commitment, to show how these measures will sustain post 2012, and to identify the areas in which further measures are being researched and developed to enable Ireland to meet its 2020 commitments. The report states that electricity generation from renewable sources provides the most effective way of reducing the contribution of power generation to Irelands greenhouse gas emissions. [6] National Climate Change Strategy 2007 -2012 http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Environment/Atmosphere/FileDownLoad,1861,en.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The strategy shows the range of measures which have been developed that aim to reduce Irelands carbon dioxide equivalent by 17 million tonnes (Mt). With regard to electricity generation, the aim is 15% of energy to be generated from renewable sources by 2010 and 33% by 2020, biomass to contribute 30% of energy input at peat stations by 2015, support for combined heat and power projects, and formation of the National Ocean Energy Strategy. 2.2.3 Looking Beyond 2012 Steps have already been taken to introduce a new treaty to operate once the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012. The 15th meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) agreed the Copenhagen Accord to the UNFCCC in December 2009. Whilst not legally binding, the Accord endorses the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol. 114 countries representing over 80% of global GHG emissions have agreed to the accord including Ireland. Many have concerns regarding the Accord because it is not legally binding and no legally binding replacement exists for the Kyoto Protocol, the Accord was drafted by just 5 countries, and the Accord sets no real targets to achieve emission reductions. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8423831.stm (23/12/2010) 2.2.4 The Stern Report The Stern Report on the Economics of Climate Change was published for the British Government in 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham, Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. The key message of the Stern Report is as follows: What is going to happen to the climate over the next 20-30 years has already been determined and is irreversible. Actions over the next 20-30 years will affect what happens in the decades to come. Climate change threatens the basic elements of life including access to water, food, health, land use and the environment. Stabilization of all GHGs at 550ppm is recommended. The costs of stablilizing the climate are significant (1% of global GDP) but manageable. Delay would be dangerous and much more expensive. Action demands and international response. The key actions outlines by Stern include: Increase in efficiency of energy use. Strict emission trading rules to support the transition to low carbon development paths. Extensive use of renewable and other low carbon technologies. Fivefold increase in low carbon technologies Research and Development. Reduction in deforestation. Freris, L Infield, D. (2008) Renewable Energy in Power Systems. West Sussex, UK: Wiley 2.3 EU Policy 2.3.1 General European countries generate more than 4000 GWh/year from geothermal sources predominantly in Italy, Iceland, Turkey and Russia. Direct use such as GSHP usage is however, much more widespread with usage in most European countries. http://ec.europa.eu/energy/library/geotherm.pdf (23/12/2010) High availability and low carbon emissions make geothermal energy one of the best prospects for influencing GHG emissions in Europe. The European Union has been one of the most consistent supporters of the Kyoto Protocol. Member states of the EU have made a commitment to be met by 2020 known as the 20-20-20 target. These are to reduce GHG emissions 20% below 1990 levels, ensure 20% of EUs energy comes from renewable sources, and ensure a 20% reduction in primary energy consumption compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. These commitments were outlined following the need for a follow on from the Kyoto Protocol which expires in 2012. In 2005 renewable energy accounted for just 8.5% of energy consumed in the EU. The need to in4crease this figure is recognized by the EU and measures have been taken to encourage member states to expand their renewable energy production and to rely less on conventional carbon emitting energy production systems. Europe is also at the front of cutting edge new geothermal energy research with an ongoing European Hot Dry Rock (HDR) project at Soultz-sous-Forets in France which is supported by the EU. 2.3.2 Blue Book on Geothermal Resources The EU published its Blue Book on Geothermal Resources in 2002 in order to identify a series of measures which could promote the use of geothermal energy sources across the EU. The publication corresponded with the need for Europe to expand on renewable energy sources in order to meet its targets of 12% by 2010. The publication acknowledges that expanding use of geothermal resources will show a significant reduction to CO2 emissions and thus help make Kyoto targets more achievable. A geothermal energy generation plant produces on average just 136 g/kWh of CO2 compared to 1042 g/kWh for a typical coal fired power plant. The report recommends that the EU increase the exploitation of geothermal energy in the EU and associated countries and to support European firms within the sector to improve their share of the world market. The Blue Book outlines 12 measures the EU proposed to take to enhance the usage of geothermal technologies in Europe as follows: To stimulate the creation of European consortia and joint ventures among different subjects interested in investing in geothermal projects in Europe and abroad. To favour National Geothermal Associations and the European branch of the International Geothermal Association (IGA). To support the newly created European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC). The maintenance and improvement of the EUs existing research and financing programmes. To promote the environmental benefits of geothermal energy through favourable financing conditions such as tax exemptions or reductions, tax incentives, financial incentives for end users, loans and special interest rates for investment in RE resources. Geothermal energy should be included in specific target projects and demonstration projects both as an environmentally friendly resource and as an indigenous energy supply for saving imported fossil fuels. To establish an insurance system for EU countries in order to cover the geological risk. Implement proper actions devoted to the systematic integration of geothermal energy into existing and new EU and national RE development programmes. Promote directives in order to acknowledge RE investments (including geothermal) with an extra price or a contribution for the KWhe/KWht produced which corresponds to the external benefit derived from the substitution of conventional energy sources. Increase the use of information brochures and actions of the Multi-energy type, with the objective of increasing the level of information and confidence of using geothermal energy by decision-makers, private and public operators, town planners, designers, even within EU programmes. Promote a detailed study for the evaluation, in quantitative terms of the external benefits from substitution by geothermal applications. Considering the good development perspectives of this application, special attention could be devoted to the promotion and support for the GSHP market. 2.3.3 Energy 2020 Energy 2020 A strategy for competitive, sustainable, and secure energy was published by the European Commission on 10th November 2010. It sets out ambitious targets for member states with regards to energy. Known as the 20-20-20 policy, member states are required to: Reduce GHG emissions by 20%, rising to 30% provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and economically more advanced developing countries contributing adequately according to their responsibilities and respective capabilities. Increase the share of renewable energy to 20% Make a 20% improvement in energy efficiency. There is also an ambitious target of 80 95% emission cuts by 2050 amongst EU and other industrialized countries. These targets are fully supported by the European Parliament. The commission proposes to focus its initiatives on the traffic and building sectors which it believes provide the biggest potential for energy savings and to provide investment incentives and financial instruments to promote energy reductions. 2.4 Irish Policy 2.4.1 General Irelands policy regarding energy and renewable energy is largely based upon meeting targets set out under both the Kyoto Protocol and the European Commissions 2020 energy targets. A White Paper released in March 2007 sets out the Governments Energy Policy for 2007 2020 which includes reaching 15% of energy produced from renewable sources by 2010 and 33% by 2020. To date, progress has been made mainly due to the wind energy sector. Since 2006, Ireland introduced a feed in tariff which pays a fixed rate for energy input to the national grid from renewable sources. 2.4.2 The REFIT Scheme Between 1995 and 2003 Ireland operated a tender or Alternative Energy Requirement (AER) scheme to promote RES-E. This scheme was replaced in 2006 when Ireland introduced the Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (REFIT) as a major instrument towards encouraging expansion of the RES-E sector in Ireland. The scheme financially rewards input into the national electricity grid from renewable sources outlined in table x.x below. As part of the scheme there is a 15 year guarantee which aims to provide investor security. Geothermal energy is not currently included in the REFIT programme which is one major obstacle to the growth of the geothermal electricity generation sector in Ireland. The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) outlines plans to extend the scheme to include Anaerobic Digestion/High Efficiency Combined Heat and Power (CHP) biomass technologies, ocean (wave and tidal) energy and offshore wind. 2.4.2 Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland Building on the energy Green Paper and related consultation process conducted during 2006, the Irish government released a energy White Paper in March 2007 outlining the Irish Governments Energy Policy Framework 2007 2020 to deliver sustainable energy future for Ireland. Ireland faces similar energy challenges to those being confronted worldwide. The document also reasserts Irelands prohibition of the use of Nuclear energy in Ireland on grounds of safety fears, security, economic feasibility, and system operation. 2.4.3 Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010 In a debate with The Joint Committee on Climate Change and Energy Security on 16th September 2009, GT Energy who have since submitted a planning application to South Dublin County Council to develop a Geothermal Energy Plant at Newcastle, Co. Dublin, outlined their concerns regarding obstacles they faced with the existing legislative framework. They outlined that their investors and board of directors were uneasy with the lack of legislation and scope within planning regulations to allow for their proposed development. Arising from this debate and increasing pressure from other sources, the Department of Communications, Energy, and Natural Resources decided to draft the Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010. The bill is currently in draft form and publication is expected in July 2011. The bill will allow for the licensing of companies to explore for and develop deep geothermal energy resources. Under the EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC), Ireland is required to generate 16% of its gross energy consumption from renewable resources by 2020 and 12% of its heat consumption. As Ireland is currently highly dependent on the use of fossil fuels for energy production, it is vital that measures are taken to expand the use of available renewable energy options. Already, large scale hydroelectric and wind energy developments are operational, but further advances are needed. The move by the Irish Government to draft a Geothermal Energy Bill is another step towards regulation and legislating what could become another major large scale renewable energy production industry for Ireland. The need for the Bill is based on the feeling that Ireland lacks a comprehensive legal and regulatory that provides the allocation of ownership interests and ancillary rights in the resource. Third party interests were also not protected in a systematic manner and as a result, potential investors in the sector are deterred from making significant commitment in Ireland. The bill will be able to grant exploration and development licences for deep geothermal energy resources and regulate the ownership of resources, ancillary rights and the protection of third party interests. The Bill aims to pursue two main policy objectives by facilitating the development of large scale geothermal energy in order to increase its contribution to Irelands renewable energy targets and to avoid over regulation of small scale projects. The EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC) has set a target that 16% of gross energy consumption in Ireland will need to come from renewable sources by 2020. The Directive recognises geothermal energy as one of the means by which this target can be met. The heat market in Ireland consumes approximately one third of primary energy supply and is very highly dependant on fossil fuels. Alternatives to fossil fuels for direct heating include biomass, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), and geothermal energy. The introduction of this legislation is also based on the introduction of regulation and legislation in other countries. Sweden, for example, has inferior geothermal resources compared to Ireland, and yet its utilisation is much greater. This can be attributed to Swedens regulatory system which provides a solid licensing system and security for potential investors. Article 10.1 of the Constitution states that All natural resources, including the air and all forms of potential energy, within the jurisdiction of the Parliament and Government established by this Constitution and all royalties and franchises within that jurisdiction belong to the State subject to all estates and interests therein for the time being lawfully vested in any person or body. This in effect, gives ownership of the geothermal energy resource to the Irish State. 2.4.4 National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) was published under the requirements of Article 4 of Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy. The plan sets out Irelands national targets for the share of renewable energy from different sources in 2020 and demonstrates how Ireland will meet its overall national target established under the Directive. Irelands overall target is to achieve 16% of energy from renewable sources by 2020 however, the government has set a target of 40%. Although ambitious, in the past Ireland has surpassed the target set undet the 2001 European RES-E Directive which required an increase from 3.6% RES-E in 2001 to 13.2% in 2010. In 2009, this target was already surpassed with Ireland achieving 14.4% RES-E. This increase is largely attributed to the development of onshore wind sources. In terms of transport, the plan outlines the governments two pronged strategy to increase the use of biofuels and accelerated development and use of electric vehicles in Ireland. A target of 10% of electric vehicles has been set for 2020. A target of 12% renewable heat by 2020 has also been set. Initial focus will be on biomass but geothermal resources will also be considered in due course. http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/C71495BB-DB3C-4FE9-A725-0C094FE19BCA/0/2010NREAP.pdf 2.5 Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2.5.1 General The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI), formerly the Irish Energy Centre, was set up by the government in 2002 with the mission to transform Ireland into a society based on sustainable energy structures, technologies and practices. The Geothermal Energy Resource Map of Ireland final report was published by SEAI in July 2004 along with resource mapping which was compiled following extensive testing and research carried out by The CSA Group. The report focuses mainly on the use of geothermal for heating purposed rather than electricity production. The report looks at historic use of geothermal energy in Ireland, current use, and possible future uses. It found that Ireland is particularly well suited for the use of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) as suitable temperatures for this technology can be found at relatively low depths. Various examples of current geothermal use in Ireland are outlined. 2.5.3 Geothermal Usage in Ireland to Date Ground Source Heat Pumps are the most common type of geothermal energy utilisation in Ireland to date with over a thousand domestic installations up to 2004. GSHP technology is examined in more detail in Chapter 3. Apart from domestic usage, geothermal energy usage is quite limited in Ireland with only a handful of installations in offices, universities etc. Tramore Civic Offices, Co. Waterford mains supply flows through a purpose built 500,000 litre reservoir. Some of this water is then piped through an open loop to a heat exchanger. The mains water transfers the heat but is kept separate to the heat exchange operation in order to keep it potable. UCC Art Museum uses drilled borehole technology with water rising at 20 litres/sec to 2 heat exchanging units to heat the 3 storey building. Mallow Swimming Pool, Co. Cork also uses a borehole to provide heat for the swimming pool. The water is approximately 19.5Â °c and is boosted by conventional means at the pool. 2.5.3 Geothermal Resource Mapping As part of their report, CSA also compiled a comprehensive set of maps showing Irelands geothermal properties at various locations and depths. In order to carry out the mapping, CSA embarked on a process to gather as much information as they could from exiting boreholes, from previous studies and from data available from Imperial College, London, Minerex, Tara Exploration etc. A database was formed consisting of borehole ID, co-ordinates, depth tested, basal temperature, surface temperature (assumed to be 10Â °c where not available), depth (20-100m intervals), temperature (20-100m intervals), geothermal gradient (20-100m intervals) and finally inflection point in the geothermal gradient profile, where applicable. 2.5.3 Geothermal at shallow depths (0-100m) The report finds that Ireland is particularly well suited for the exploitation of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) technology. GHSPs are heating systems that pump or transfer heat to or from the ground. These systems use the earths relatively constant temperature to provide heating, cooling, and hot water for homes and commercial buildings. This technology is the most common use of geothermal energy in Ireland to date. Typically in Ireland, horizontal closed loop systems are used, positioned 0.6 1.0m below ground surface although often as deep as 2.0m. Soil temperatures in Ireland range from 10ËÅ ¡c 11ËÅ ¡c. (Aldwell and Burdon 1980) 2.5.4 Geothermal at medium to deep depths (100-5000m) One of the major limitations of this report in terms of its deep geothermal resource assessment is that there was only a very limited amount of deep geothermal data available on which assessment could be based. It is therefore, not possible to identify locations where good deep geothermal resources exist outside a few known locations. The results from the measurement and modelling of 98 boreholes as part of the study indicate that the best proven potential for medium and deep geothermal resources in the Republic of Ireland are in the northeast and northwest midlands where temperatures of up to 40Â °c 60Â °c are recorded at depths of 1000m. From the study it is also interpreted that at 2500m depth from surface there is potential for temperatures of 60Â °c generally north of the Limerick Dublin line with hot spots in the region of 80Â °c in Co. Clare, the east midlands and Co. Cavan. At 5000m depth values greater than 100Â °c are predicted north of the Limerick Dublin line. Figure x.x is the Lindal diagram which shows the applications for geothermal resources depending on temperature. http://www.gns.cri.nz/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/media/images/lindal-diagram2/31871-1-eng-GB/lindal-diagram.jpg