Literature Review Relating To Geothermal Energy

Literature Review Relating To Geothermal Energy The General Scheme of Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010 is a publication by the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources outlining details of the Geothermal Energy Development Bill which is being drafted. The Bill aims to provide a legislative framework for the vesting, licensing and regulation of geothermal energy. Publication is expected in July 2011. The Geothermal Energy Resource Map of Ireland report was commissioned by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) and carried out by the CSA Group (now SLR Consulting Ireland) and was completed in July 2004. The report reviewed existing knowledge of geothermal energy utilisation in Ireland, identified potential resources of geothermal energy in Ireland, created geothermal models of Ireland and produced a series of geothermal maps of Ireland, reviewed the current status and utilisation of geothermal energy resources in Ireland, and provided strategic recommendations regarding future utilisation in the context of International Best Practice. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (2004)Â   The final output of this study, apart from the written report is a series of geothermal maps showing measured and modelled geothermal subsurface temperatures at various depths ranging from 100m to 5000m. This is useful for researchers, consultants and decision members interested in exploring geothermal potential at any location. Sutainable Energy Authority of Ireland (2004)Â   (Retrieved 8/11/2010) 2.2 The Kyoto Protocol 2.2.1 Global Warming and Climate Change Global Warming is the phenomenon whereby the earths surface temperature rises over time which causes climatic change. Global Warming is caused by the release of Green House Gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere thus creating what has become known as the greenhouse effect. The primary GHG is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) which contributes to global warming through the process of burning fossil fuels. 40% of all CO2 emissions are from power plants, 33% from motor vehicles, and 3.5% from aircraft. (http://globalwarming.com/2009/03/causes-of-global-warming/) (30/11/2010) 2.2.2 Introduction of the Kyoto Protocol The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty formed by the United Nations (UN) at its Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 with the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. [1] Climate Lab http://climatelab.org/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change Retrieved 12/11/2010 The treaty provided for updates or protocols that set mandatory emission limits. The principle update is the Kyoto Protocol which was initially adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11th December 1997 and came into force on 16th February 2005. Under the Kyoto Protocol, participating Annex 1 countries (industrialised countries and member states of the European Union) agreed to commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gas emissions of 5.2% collectively from 1991 levels. 188 states ratified the protocol including 37 industrialized countries. [2] UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php Retrieved 12/11/2010 One major obstacle for the establishment of the protocol was the refusal of the worlds largest CO2 emitter, the United States, to sign the treaty. The second major obstacle is that rapidly developing nations like China and India face no legal obligation to meet the limits set out to reduce their GHG emissions. China is the worlds second largest CO2 emitter. 2.2.3 Ireland and the Kyoto Protocol Ireland signed the Kyoto Protocol on 19th April 1998 and ratified it on 31st May 2002. [3] UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php Retrieved 12/11/2010 While the Kyoto Protocol required Annex 1 countries to reduce its GHG emissions by 5.2% between 2008 and 2012, the European Union wishing to show leadership in this area undertook to reduce emissions by 8% for the same period. Although an 8% reduction was sought across the EU, Irelands target was an increase of 13% in emissions based on 1990 levels which is the base year for Kyoto limits. This value reflects growth in the economy and expected future growth. This increase is compensated by bigger reductions in other countries. [4] Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd. (HKEX) http://www.hkex.com.hk/consul/paper/cp200906dm_e.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) was published in October 2000 as a basis for government policy in relation to climate change. Its aim was to set Ireland on a pathway to reaching its targets in relation to the Kyoto Protocol. http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,923,en.pdf Retrieved 20/12/2010 Irelands emissions peaked in 2001 at a time when Ireland was experiencing high employment, a strong economy, and further growth was anticipated. The years to follow showed reduction in emission levels yet the targets set out under the Kyoto Protocol remained what appeared to many to be an over ambitious target. 2002 showed that Ireland was 23% above emissions for 1990. In 2005 emission levels stood at 25% above base level. In 2004 and 2005, when it became apparent that more needed to be done to ensure Ireland met its targets, the government intensified its efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The 2006 budget saw the introduction of excise relief for biofuels and the introduction of new building regulations to provide higher standards of energy conservation. [5] Irelands Pathway to Kyoto Compliance Review of the National Climate Change Strategy http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/ClimateChange/NationalClimateChangeStrategy/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,1289,en.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The National Climate Change Strategy 2007 2012 was published in order to show clearly the measures by which Ireland will meet its 2008 2012 commitment, to show how these measures will sustain post 2012, and to identify the areas in which further measures are being researched and developed to enable Ireland to meet its 2020 commitments. The report states that electricity generation from renewable sources provides the most effective way of reducing the contribution of power generation to Irelands greenhouse gas emissions. [6] National Climate Change Strategy 2007 -2012 http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Environment/Atmosphere/FileDownLoad,1861,en.pdf Retrieved 12/11/2010 The strategy shows the range of measures which have been developed that aim to reduce Irelands carbon dioxide equivalent by 17 million tonnes (Mt). With regard to electricity generation, the aim is 15% of energy to be generated from renewable sources by 2010 and 33% by 2020, biomass to contribute 30% of energy input at peat stations by 2015, support for combined heat and power projects, and formation of the National Ocean Energy Strategy. 2.2.3 Looking Beyond 2012 Steps have already been taken to introduce a new treaty to operate once the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012. The 15th meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) agreed the Copenhagen Accord to the UNFCCC in December 2009. Whilst not legally binding, the Accord endorses the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol. 114 countries representing over 80% of global GHG emissions have agreed to the accord including Ireland. Many have concerns regarding the Accord because it is not legally binding and no legally binding replacement exists for the Kyoto Protocol, the Accord was drafted by just 5 countries, and the Accord sets no real targets to achieve emission reductions. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8423831.stm (23/12/2010) 2.2.4 The Stern Report The Stern Report on the Economics of Climate Change was published for the British Government in 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham, Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. The key message of the Stern Report is as follows: What is going to happen to the climate over the next 20-30 years has already been determined and is irreversible. Actions over the next 20-30 years will affect what happens in the decades to come. Climate change threatens the basic elements of life including access to water, food, health, land use and the environment. Stabilization of all GHGs at 550ppm is recommended. The costs of stablilizing the climate are significant (1% of global GDP) but manageable. Delay would be dangerous and much more expensive. Action demands and international response. The key actions outlines by Stern include: Increase in efficiency of energy use. Strict emission trading rules to support the transition to low carbon development paths. Extensive use of renewable and other low carbon technologies. Fivefold increase in low carbon technologies Research and Development. Reduction in deforestation. Freris, L Infield, D. (2008) Renewable Energy in Power Systems. West Sussex, UK: Wiley 2.3 EU Policy 2.3.1 General European countries generate more than 4000 GWh/year from geothermal sources predominantly in Italy, Iceland, Turkey and Russia. Direct use such as GSHP usage is however, much more widespread with usage in most European countries. http://ec.europa.eu/energy/library/geotherm.pdf (23/12/2010) High availability and low carbon emissions make geothermal energy one of the best prospects for influencing GHG emissions in Europe. The European Union has been one of the most consistent supporters of the Kyoto Protocol. Member states of the EU have made a commitment to be met by 2020 known as the 20-20-20 target. These are to reduce GHG emissions 20% below 1990 levels, ensure 20% of EUs energy comes from renewable sources, and ensure a 20% reduction in primary energy consumption compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. These commitments were outlined following the need for a follow on from the Kyoto Protocol which expires in 2012. In 2005 renewable energy accounted for just 8.5% of energy consumed in the EU. The need to in4crease this figure is recognized by the EU and measures have been taken to encourage member states to expand their renewable energy production and to rely less on conventional carbon emitting energy production systems. Europe is also at the front of cutting edge new geothermal energy research with an ongoing European Hot Dry Rock (HDR) project at Soultz-sous-Forets in France which is supported by the EU. 2.3.2 Blue Book on Geothermal Resources The EU published its Blue Book on Geothermal Resources in 2002 in order to identify a series of measures which could promote the use of geothermal energy sources across the EU. The publication corresponded with the need for Europe to expand on renewable energy sources in order to meet its targets of 12% by 2010. The publication acknowledges that expanding use of geothermal resources will show a significant reduction to CO2 emissions and thus help make Kyoto targets more achievable. A geothermal energy generation plant produces on average just 136 g/kWh of CO2 compared to 1042 g/kWh for a typical coal fired power plant. The report recommends that the EU increase the exploitation of geothermal energy in the EU and associated countries and to support European firms within the sector to improve their share of the world market. The Blue Book outlines 12 measures the EU proposed to take to enhance the usage of geothermal technologies in Europe as follows: To stimulate the creation of European consortia and joint ventures among different subjects interested in investing in geothermal projects in Europe and abroad. To favour National Geothermal Associations and the European branch of the International Geothermal Association (IGA). To support the newly created European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC). The maintenance and improvement of the EUs existing research and financing programmes. To promote the environmental benefits of geothermal energy through favourable financing conditions such as tax exemptions or reductions, tax incentives, financial incentives for end users, loans and special interest rates for investment in RE resources. Geothermal energy should be included in specific target projects and demonstration projects both as an environmentally friendly resource and as an indigenous energy supply for saving imported fossil fuels. To establish an insurance system for EU countries in order to cover the geological risk. Implement proper actions devoted to the systematic integration of geothermal energy into existing and new EU and national RE development programmes. Promote directives in order to acknowledge RE investments (including geothermal) with an extra price or a contribution for the KWhe/KWht produced which corresponds to the external benefit derived from the substitution of conventional energy sources. Increase the use of information brochures and actions of the Multi-energy type, with the objective of increasing the level of information and confidence of using geothermal energy by decision-makers, private and public operators, town planners, designers, even within EU programmes. Promote a detailed study for the evaluation, in quantitative terms of the external benefits from substitution by geothermal applications. Considering the good development perspectives of this application, special attention could be devoted to the promotion and support for the GSHP market. 2.3.3 Energy 2020 Energy 2020 A strategy for competitive, sustainable, and secure energy was published by the European Commission on 10th November 2010. It sets out ambitious targets for member states with regards to energy. Known as the 20-20-20 policy, member states are required to: Reduce GHG emissions by 20%, rising to 30% provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and economically more advanced developing countries contributing adequately according to their responsibilities and respective capabilities. Increase the share of renewable energy to 20% Make a 20% improvement in energy efficiency. There is also an ambitious target of 80 95% emission cuts by 2050 amongst EU and other industrialized countries. These targets are fully supported by the European Parliament. The commission proposes to focus its initiatives on the traffic and building sectors which it believes provide the biggest potential for energy savings and to provide investment incentives and financial instruments to promote energy reductions. 2.4 Irish Policy 2.4.1 General Irelands policy regarding energy and renewable energy is largely based upon meeting targets set out under both the Kyoto Protocol and the European Commissions 2020 energy targets. A White Paper released in March 2007 sets out the Governments Energy Policy for 2007 2020 which includes reaching 15% of energy produced from renewable sources by 2010 and 33% by 2020. To date, progress has been made mainly due to the wind energy sector. Since 2006, Ireland introduced a feed in tariff which pays a fixed rate for energy input to the national grid from renewable sources. 2.4.2 The REFIT Scheme Between 1995 and 2003 Ireland operated a tender or Alternative Energy Requirement (AER) scheme to promote RES-E. This scheme was replaced in 2006 when Ireland introduced the Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (REFIT) as a major instrument towards encouraging expansion of the RES-E sector in Ireland. The scheme financially rewards input into the national electricity grid from renewable sources outlined in table x.x below. As part of the scheme there is a 15 year guarantee which aims to provide investor security. Geothermal energy is not currently included in the REFIT programme which is one major obstacle to the growth of the geothermal electricity generation sector in Ireland. The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) outlines plans to extend the scheme to include Anaerobic Digestion/High Efficiency Combined Heat and Power (CHP) biomass technologies, ocean (wave and tidal) energy and offshore wind. 2.4.2 Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland Building on the energy Green Paper and related consultation process conducted during 2006, the Irish government released a energy White Paper in March 2007 outlining the Irish Governments Energy Policy Framework 2007 2020 to deliver sustainable energy future for Ireland. Ireland faces similar energy challenges to those being confronted worldwide. The document also reasserts Irelands prohibition of the use of Nuclear energy in Ireland on grounds of safety fears, security, economic feasibility, and system operation. 2.4.3 Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010 In a debate with The Joint Committee on Climate Change and Energy Security on 16th September 2009, GT Energy who have since submitted a planning application to South Dublin County Council to develop a Geothermal Energy Plant at Newcastle, Co. Dublin, outlined their concerns regarding obstacles they faced with the existing legislative framework. They outlined that their investors and board of directors were uneasy with the lack of legislation and scope within planning regulations to allow for their proposed development. Arising from this debate and increasing pressure from other sources, the Department of Communications, Energy, and Natural Resources decided to draft the Geothermal Energy Development Bill 2010. The bill is currently in draft form and publication is expected in July 2011. The bill will allow for the licensing of companies to explore for and develop deep geothermal energy resources. Under the EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC), Ireland is required to generate 16% of its gross energy consumption from renewable resources by 2020 and 12% of its heat consumption. As Ireland is currently highly dependent on the use of fossil fuels for energy production, it is vital that measures are taken to expand the use of available renewable energy options. Already, large scale hydroelectric and wind energy developments are operational, but further advances are needed. The move by the Irish Government to draft a Geothermal Energy Bill is another step towards regulation and legislating what could become another major large scale renewable energy production industry for Ireland. The need for the Bill is based on the feeling that Ireland lacks a comprehensive legal and regulatory that provides the allocation of ownership interests and ancillary rights in the resource. Third party interests were also not protected in a systematic manner and as a result, potential investors in the sector are deterred from making significant commitment in Ireland. The bill will be able to grant exploration and development licences for deep geothermal energy resources and regulate the ownership of resources, ancillary rights and the protection of third party interests. The Bill aims to pursue two main policy objectives by facilitating the development of large scale geothermal energy in order to increase its contribution to Irelands renewable energy targets and to avoid over regulation of small scale projects. The EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC) has set a target that 16% of gross energy consumption in Ireland will need to come from renewable sources by 2020. The Directive recognises geothermal energy as one of the means by which this target can be met. The heat market in Ireland consumes approximately one third of primary energy supply and is very highly dependant on fossil fuels. Alternatives to fossil fuels for direct heating include biomass, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), and geothermal energy. The introduction of this legislation is also based on the introduction of regulation and legislation in other countries. Sweden, for example, has inferior geothermal resources compared to Ireland, and yet its utilisation is much greater. This can be attributed to Swedens regulatory system which provides a solid licensing system and security for potential investors. Article 10.1 of the Constitution states that All natural resources, including the air and all forms of potential energy, within the jurisdiction of the Parliament and Government established by this Constitution and all royalties and franchises within that jurisdiction belong to the State subject to all estates and interests therein for the time being lawfully vested in any person or body. This in effect, gives ownership of the geothermal energy resource to the Irish State. 2.4.4 National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) was published under the requirements of Article 4 of Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy. The plan sets out Irelands national targets for the share of renewable energy from different sources in 2020 and demonstrates how Ireland will meet its overall national target established under the Directive. Irelands overall target is to achieve 16% of energy from renewable sources by 2020 however, the government has set a target of 40%. Although ambitious, in the past Ireland has surpassed the target set undet the 2001 European RES-E Directive which required an increase from 3.6% RES-E in 2001 to 13.2% in 2010. In 2009, this target was already surpassed with Ireland achieving 14.4% RES-E. This increase is largely attributed to the development of onshore wind sources. In terms of transport, the plan outlines the governments two pronged strategy to increase the use of biofuels and accelerated development and use of electric vehicles in Ireland. A target of 10% of electric vehicles has been set for 2020. A target of 12% renewable heat by 2020 has also been set. Initial focus will be on biomass but geothermal resources will also be considered in due course. http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/C71495BB-DB3C-4FE9-A725-0C094FE19BCA/0/2010NREAP.pdf 2.5 Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2.5.1 General The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI), formerly the Irish Energy Centre, was set up by the government in 2002 with the mission to transform Ireland into a society based on sustainable energy structures, technologies and practices. The Geothermal Energy Resource Map of Ireland final report was published by SEAI in July 2004 along with resource mapping which was compiled following extensive testing and research carried out by The CSA Group. The report focuses mainly on the use of geothermal for heating purposed rather than electricity production. The report looks at historic use of geothermal energy in Ireland, current use, and possible future uses. It found that Ireland is particularly well suited for the use of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) as suitable temperatures for this technology can be found at relatively low depths. Various examples of current geothermal use in Ireland are outlined. 2.5.3 Geothermal Usage in Ireland to Date Ground Source Heat Pumps are the most common type of geothermal energy utilisation in Ireland to date with over a thousand domestic installations up to 2004. GSHP technology is examined in more detail in Chapter 3. Apart from domestic usage, geothermal energy usage is quite limited in Ireland with only a handful of installations in offices, universities etc. Tramore Civic Offices, Co. Waterford mains supply flows through a purpose built 500,000 litre reservoir. Some of this water is then piped through an open loop to a heat exchanger. The mains water transfers the heat but is kept separate to the heat exchange operation in order to keep it potable. UCC Art Museum uses drilled borehole technology with water rising at 20 litres/sec to 2 heat exchanging units to heat the 3 storey building. Mallow Swimming Pool, Co. Cork also uses a borehole to provide heat for the swimming pool. The water is approximately 19.5Â °c and is boosted by conventional means at the pool. 2.5.3 Geothermal Resource Mapping As part of their report, CSA also compiled a comprehensive set of maps showing Irelands geothermal properties at various locations and depths. In order to carry out the mapping, CSA embarked on a process to gather as much information as they could from exiting boreholes, from previous studies and from data available from Imperial College, London, Minerex, Tara Exploration etc. A database was formed consisting of borehole ID, co-ordinates, depth tested, basal temperature, surface temperature (assumed to be 10Â °c where not available), depth (20-100m intervals), temperature (20-100m intervals), geothermal gradient (20-100m intervals) and finally inflection point in the geothermal gradient profile, where applicable. 2.5.3 Geothermal at shallow depths (0-100m) The report finds that Ireland is particularly well suited for the exploitation of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) technology. GHSPs are heating systems that pump or transfer heat to or from the ground. These systems use the earths relatively constant temperature to provide heating, cooling, and hot water for homes and commercial buildings. This technology is the most common use of geothermal energy in Ireland to date. Typically in Ireland, horizontal closed loop systems are used, positioned 0.6 1.0m below ground surface although often as deep as 2.0m. Soil temperatures in Ireland range from 10ËÅ ¡c 11ËÅ ¡c. (Aldwell and Burdon 1980) 2.5.4 Geothermal at medium to deep depths (100-5000m) One of the major limitations of this report in terms of its deep geothermal resource assessment is that there was only a very limited amount of deep geothermal data available on which assessment could be based. It is therefore, not possible to identify locations where good deep geothermal resources exist outside a few known locations. The results from the measurement and modelling of 98 boreholes as part of the study indicate that the best proven potential for medium and deep geothermal resources in the Republic of Ireland are in the northeast and northwest midlands where temperatures of up to 40Â °c 60Â °c are recorded at depths of 1000m. From the study it is also interpreted that at 2500m depth from surface there is potential for temperatures of 60Â °c generally north of the Limerick Dublin line with hot spots in the region of 80Â °c in Co. Clare, the east midlands and Co. Cavan. At 5000m depth values greater than 100Â °c are predicted north of the Limerick Dublin line. Figure x.x is the Lindal diagram which shows the applications for geothermal resources depending on temperature. http://www.gns.cri.nz/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/media/images/lindal-diagram2/31871-1-eng-GB/lindal-diagram.jpg

How the emotion affects the person Essay

In the modern world, emotions play such a large role in almost everything people do, it is hard to make a decision which will get the most desirable results. It is true, however it is looked upon, that decisions and choices are mainly made by the emotion that the person is feeling towards the topic. A kind person will go join the Peace Corps and help aide the poor and starving, while a person with no pity towards much of anything will not care enough to do something of that nature. Pity is one of the key emotions in making decisions. If someone feels sorry for another individual, they are much more likely to go out of their way to help this person. Whether it is from dropping a few coins into a beggar’s cup, or just helping out a friend, people have to go out of their way because of pity. Pity is more than a simple emotion which can lead people do to things for others, however. It can bring upon new feelings within an individual and help them to achieve a higher level of consc iousness. Decisions are intertwined with everyone in the worlds lives, and if they do not begin to see the reasons behind their decisions, it could have devastating results. Pity towards an individual can have an effect on almost everything in the world. Whether it is bargaining for the price of clothing, to giving money to a poor person, there can be all kinds of changes depending on a person’s circumstance. This, however, is not a good thing because there are always people in the world who do not care about others and can â€Å"con† someone and take advantage of them. Although pity can be good or bad, it is mainly shown as a sign of weakness in a person. It can make someone decide to do irrational things for another and bring them in danger. People say that having a ruthless leader would be bad, but they are wrong because being ruthless does not mean being evil or mean, it just means knowing that feelings cannot get in the way of decisions. Emotions are much more than influences in our decisions, however. They play a key role is almost everything in the world. If there was no emotion in any novels or movies or anything of that nature, how would we be able to enjoy life? Music is basically an extension from our own human emotions, and that is why music can be integrated in much of our situations of life. In movies, it would not sound right if a swinging beat was used in a war scene, or vice  versa. Thus, it is simple to say that emotions do play a role in our lives. The effects of emotions in our lives can vary from person to person, but no matter how hard someone tries, they cannot escape having and feeling these things. Whether it is good or bad, choices are made depending on the emotions involved in the consequences. Pity is one of the major feelings dealt with when faced with a decision about another individual. Are they poor? In need of help? These are both basic questions that are asked to oneself when deciding on what to do in a situation. Although it is impossible to stay out of the grasp of emotions, it is very possible to realize the effects of them, and make decisions based upon the knowledge at hand.

Journey Speech

My baby sister Is now 5, my younger brother now 14, and me, I'm 16,' the scenery and their ages have changed again. With these physical changes it also changes the emotions in the characters. The protagonist doesn't need to force her smiles towards her little sister because she can see and understand how simple her life is and that ‘she has no worries, no regrets. They make it to the end of the block and the protagonist takes both of her siblings and takes them off the street they had been walking and into the world with her as their protection. She is able to do this with no qualms knowing that they wont have to go through the same ordeal that she did and she will always be there for them. Through this physical representation of a virtual journey it shows how a journey can develop through a metaphysical state and not be based on finding a specific destination but instead a safe place. Year of Wonders† focuses on the emotional and moral development, therefore making it a spiritual based Journey. This Is known to the reader as the mall charter, Anna Firth, has no need to continuously travel to perform her journey. Anna is living in a town stricken with the bubonic plague, as they have isolated themselves to prevent the spread. They are unable to call upon others to assist in the treatment of the ill and just use others abilities to ensure the towns survival of the plague.As lives start to be taken by the plague, many of the townspeople believe It is to do with witchcraft. Two characters, Aunt and niece, Me and Nays Goodie, have always been able to help the town with herbal remedies and have been the local midwives, but after their deaths Anna is convinced by Eleanor Employing to assist a women In labor and she 1 OFF many situations which all start to slowly influence her thoughts and change her as a person. She starts to become stronger and not Just be a young widow, who has also lost both her children.She starts to fight for other people in the tow n and help them through hard times. Although she isn't able to do this all unscathed, she is unable to understand Why did He raise us up out of the clay, to acquire good and expedient skills, in such extremity, and then send us back so soon to be dust when we yet had useful years before us? Such in the case as Maggie and George Vicars. Anna makes herself a tincture' from the poppy she had stolen from Eleanor to help with the anguish and she was able to have pleasant dreams.Anna and the town continue to be affected by the plague and many more die, Anna tending many in their deathbeds. Anna and Eleanor also assist Merry. Anna slept well that night, feeling for once that she has accomplished something that has turned out right. After many more deaths and obstacles the plague has stopped affecting the town and the people are told they are no longer quarantined. At this meeting Anna's stepmother Para is hysteric with the loss of her last child, Faith.She was ‘clutching the maggoty remnant of her daughter's corpse. ‘ Implosion, Para and Eleanor enter a embrace, trying to calm and comfort Para, Faith's head comes apart from her body and Para lashes UT and slits Liner's throat and stabs herself, leaving Anna with no family and one of her closest friend's gone as well. Eleanor asked for Anna to look after her husband and through this relationship Anna is able to experience a physical intimacy she has longed for for quite some time.This intimacy is something that has helped Anna start to feel better but it is short lived as she learns that parts of what she thought were true about Eleanor and Michaels relationship were actually lies and is repulsed by him. As Anna is asked to help with the birth of a bastard child from the Bradford Emily, she finds herself haggling with Elizabeth about receiving money to take the child and leave this city.There are many events that influence Anna change as a person but the biggest chance for her is not Just a spiritual one. She makes the move to Venice, with the Bradford child, and settles there missing some aspects of her old town but feeling safe and happy with her two daughters, feeling that she is now at home. Oh, The Places You'll Go! Shows how a person is able to be in control of their own physical and emotional Journey. This is presented to the reader through the narrator stating YOU are the guy who'll decide where to go. ‘

The Subculture Within The School Culture - 1003 Words

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people. It is learned and transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture will change as situations and the needs of people change. A school environment itself constitutes a subculture within a larger society. Each school has a culture of its own, like a minuscule society. The school culture reflects the community in which the school is located and its students’ characteristics. This will consist of the values, attitudes, beliefs, norms, and customs of those making the system. This is because of the racial and socioeconomic segregation of residential communities. A school’s culture is formed by its history context and the individuals in it. Each school has a†¦show more content†¦This is when administrator’s actions need to be examined in an effort to ensure that their decisions are in the best interest of the students. For instance, Arizona’s School District had come under examination from a federal court case and by the U.S. Office of Civil Rights over their methods of identifying students in need of ELL services. Arizona’s pull-out program provides a four-hour pull-out session for ELL students. Many argued that â€Å"the pull-out sessions deprived students of educational content they needed† (Ballentine Hammack, 2012, p. 114). Shedding light on this information allowed Arizona’s School District to re-assess their practices to ensure that it was best practice. Also, it permits the administrators to make any necessary modifications. Next, we will discuss the teacher subculture of a school environment. Teachers are an important â€Å"subculture since they make the most contact with students† (Ballentine Hammack, 2012, p. 216). The culture that is set by the teacher impacts the learning process by either helping students thrive or be unsuccessful. Also, the subculture that includes teachers can be further broken down into grade levels, content areas, or length of service. For instance, an inexperienced teacher will not immediately be included in the subculture of seasoned teachers. It will take time for him/her to be accepted into that subculture. A new teacher who tries to be too friendly to students may receive sanctions fromShow MoreRelatedVolleyball as a Subculture1650 Words   |  7 PagesSociety â€Å"Dig† Volleyball as a Subculture? I. Introduction The individuality within diverse subcultures has given so much to society already. Subcultures such as volleyball have been given a chance to grow in our society and spread to other cultures connecting nations across the globe. It takes time for a subculture to be accepted by our society today. Once it is accepted, membership in subculture grows as more people feel comfortable joining a mainstream subculture such as volleyball. However,Read MoreSubculture And Its Impact On Society1426 Words   |  6 Pages Subculture refers to a minority of individuals who adhere to different rules, dress codes and lifestyle choices from mainstream culture. Throughout this essay the traditional definitions of subcultures, that mainly concentrate on class and style as their main features, will be looked at and explained. It will then be demonstrated how these ways of thinking are no longer relevant to the 21st century therefore the term subculture needs to be rethought for it to be an applicable category in theRead MoreThe Cultural Theory Of Crime And Violence1515 Words   |  7 PagesDefined, a subculture is a culture that exists within the main dominant culture of a society. Therefore, members of a subculture will have different norms and values to those in the rest of society, which in turn could lead to them being seen as deviant because of this. Youth subcultures provide members with an identity that sits outside of that assigned by social foundations such as family, school, home and work. Part icipants of a subculture often make people aware of their membership by makingRead MoreA Description Of School ( Organizational ) Culture1749 Words   |  7 Pages Organizational Culture Salih Dede University of Nevada- Reno EL700 Jafeth E. Sanchez, Ph.D. 10/27/2015 â€Æ' A Description of School (Organizational) Culture Today many companies are focusing on becoming a value-driven organization because we have seen those values types of organizations are some of the most successful companies. Value tends to drive culture and when you have an organization that has strong culture, you have a lot of employee that are bookbuild so your culture is driving completeRead MoreSubculture : A Cultural Group Within A Larger Culture1384 Words   |  6 PagesOxford Dictionary defines a subculture as a â€Å"cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture† (Oxford Dictionaries). We are all part of a subculture at some point in our lives whether it is when we were at school, university or at work, we have or will be involved in a â€Å"subculture† that gives us a sense of belonging and allows us to express our personalities through different means. The importance of one’s clothing, views orRead MoreSubcultures And Its Influe nce On Contemporary Society1562 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, subcultures found its definition originating in the early 1800s, with examples such as bohemia and another example(ref). Whether subcultures still have an identifiable existence in today’s contemporary society is contentious pertaining to its difficulty in actual measurement. It is important to look from a historical perspective at the features that define a subculture, and gives it the unique identity that constitutes some discernible traits that differ from conventional society. ThisRead MoreThe Role Of Socialization And Its Effects On Society1376 Words   |  6 Pagesstreet and kiss you, you would be shocked and maybe scared. This is why society needs people to behave predictably so that we can contain some kind of social order. Socialisation is the passing on of culture from person to person. It is a process in which people turn into members of a social culture by teaching them norms and values and langu age, knowledge and customs. There are two agents of socialisation, Primary socialisation is where your parents teach you the norms and values you need to liveRead MoreThe Gyaru Subculture in Japan1388 Words   |  6 PagesGyaru Transformation: Social acceptance Introduction Culture is a way of life. According to Macionis, J.J., 2007, culture is the beliefs, behavior, values, and material objects that together form a people’s way of life and subculture refers to cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population. The term subculture had been used since 1940’s and most authors have agreed that â€Å"subculture are groups of people that have something in common with each other which distinguishes themRead MoreThe Basketball Subculture Essay example1095 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In this analysis I will cover the different aspects of sport subculture and what it means to be a recognizable member within a group. I will give examples of what it means to be a part of such subcultures. For example, shared ways of dressing, group status and credibility, as well as some of the groups norms and rituals. The specific group I will discuss will be my basketball team and the role I play within it. Because my team is at highly competitive level, our norms may be unlikeRead MoreTaking a Look at the Juggalo Subculture943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Juggalo subculture is a very unique one with many differing factions that have been around for 20 years. They are a nonviolent group that started in the mid-1990s with the ascent of popularity of the band Insane Clown Posse. They are an interesting and diverse subculture with many unique traits and means of expressing themselves. A Juggalo is someone who is a die-hard fan of the Insane Clown Posse or any group from the Psychopathic Records label. It’s a spinoff of the punk subculture, making it